ru O 3- lir ;ru m o AN ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF THE y NORTHERN UNITED STATES, CANADA AND THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS FROM NEWFOUNDLAND TO THE PARALLEL OF THE SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF VIRGINIA, AND FROM THE ATLANTIC OCEAN WESTWARD TO THE 102o MERIDIAN BY NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, PH.D., Sc.D., LL.D. DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN; PROFESSOR IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY AND HON. ADDISON BROWN, A.B., LL.D. PRESIDENT OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN THE DESCRIPTIVE TEXT CHIEFLY PREPARED BY PROFESSOR BRITTON, WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF SPECIALISTS IN SEVERAL GROUPS; THE FIGURES ALSO DRAWN UNDER HIS SUPERVISION SECOND EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED IN THREE VOLUMES VOL. III. l GENTIANACEAE TO COMPOSITAE GENTIAN TO THISTLE VT NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1913 COPYRIGHT, 1913 BY NATHANIEL L. BRITTON AND HELEN C. BROWN, Executrix of the Estate of ADDISON BROWN, deceased. PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY CONTENTS OF VOLUME III. Gamopetalae (continued) 1-560 15. GENTIANACEAE i 16. MENYANTHACEAE 17 17. APOCYNACEAE 19 18. ASCLEPIADACEAE 23 19. DlCHONDRACEAE 39 20. CONVOLVULACEAE 40 21. CUSCUTACEAE 48 22. POLEMONIACEAE 52 23. HYDROPHYLLACEAE 65 24. BORAGINACEAE 72 25. VERBENACEAE 94 26. LABIATAE 27. SOLANACEAE 28. SCROPHULARIACEAE 29. LENTIBULARIACEAE 30. OROBANCHACEAE 31. BlGNONIACEAE 32. MARTYNIACEAE 33. ACANTHACEAE 34. PHRYMACEAE 35. PLANTAGINACEAE 36. RUBIACEAE 99 37. CAPRIFQLIACEAE 154 38. ADOXACEAE 174 39. VALERIANACEAE 224 40. DIPSACEAE 233 41. CUCURBITACEAE 236 42. CAMPANULACEAE 239 43- LOBELIACEAE 239 44. ClCHORIACEAE 241 45. AMBROSIACEAE 245 46. COMPOSITAE 250 267 283 284 288 290 293 299 304 338 347 ENGLISH FAMILY NAMES Petals wholly or partly united, rarely separate or wanting (continued) 1-560 15. GENTIAN FAMILY i 16. BUCKBEAN FAMILY 17 17. DOGBANE FAMILY 19 18. MILKWEED FAMILY 23 19. DICHONDRA FAMILY 39 20. MORNING-GLORY FAMILY 40 21. DODDER FAMILY 48 22. PHLOX FAMILY 52 23. WATER-LEAF FAMILY 65 24. BORAGE FAMILY 72 25. VERVAIN FAMILY 95 26. MINT FAMILY 99 27. POTATO FAMILY 154 28. FIGWORT FAMILY 174 29. BLADDERWORT FAMILY 224 30. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY 233 31. TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY 236 32. UNICORN PLANT FAMILY 239 33. ACANTHUS FAMILY 239 34. LOPSEED FAMILY 241 35. PLANTAIN FAMILY 245 36. MADDER FAMILY 256 37. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 267 38. MOSCHATEL FAMILY 283 39. VALERIAN FAMILY 284 40. TEASEL FAMILY 288 41. GOURD FAMILY 290 42. BELL-FLOWER FAMILY 293 43. LOBELIA FAMILY 299 44. CHICORY FAMILY 304 45. RAGWEED FAMILY 338 46. THISTLE FAMILY 347 SUMMARY 560 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN GENERA AND SPECIES ENGLISH INDEX AND POPULAR PLANT NAMES 601 56i SYMBOLS USED is used after figures to indicate feet. ' is used after figures to indicate inches. " is used after figures to indicate lines, or twelfths of an inch. ' over syllables indicates the accent, and the short English sound of the vowel. over syllables indicates the accent, and the long, broad, open or close English sound of the vowel. IN THE METRIC SYSTEM. The metre = 39.37 inches, or 3 feet 3.37 inches. ' The decimetre = 3.94 inches. The centimetre = of an inch, or 4! lines. The millimetre = ?r of an inch, or $ a line. 2i millimeters = I line. j very nearly ILLUSTRATED FLORA. VOL. HI. Family 15. GENTIANACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 20. 1829. GENTIAN FAMILY Bitter mostly quite glabrous herbs, with opposite (rarely verticillate) exstipu- late entire leaves, reduced to scales in Bartonia, and regular perfect flowers in terminal or axillary clusters, or solitary at the ends of the stem or branches. Calyx inferior, persistent, 4~i2-lobed, -toothed or -divided (of 2 sepals in Obo- laria}, the lobes imbricated or not meeting in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, campanulate, club-shaped or rotate, often marcescent, 4~i2-lobed or -parted, the lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat ; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent ; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base. Disk none, or inconspicuous. Ovary superior in our genera, i-celled or partly 2-celled ; ovules numerous, anatropous or amphitropous ; style simple, or none ; stigma entire, or 2-lobed, or 2-cleft. Capsule mostly dehiscent by 2 valves. Seeds globose, angular or compressed ; endosperm fleshy, copious ; embryo small, terete or conic. About 70 genera and 700 species, widely distributed, most abundant in temperate regions. Leaves normal ; corolla-lobes convolute in the bud. Style filiform ; anthers usually twisting or recurving when old. Corolla salverform. i. Centaurium. Corolla rotate. 2. Sabbatia. Corolla campanulate-funnelform. 3. Enstoma. Style short, stout or none ; anthers remaining straight. Corolla without nectariferous pits, glands or scales. Corolla funnelform, campanulate or clavate. Corolla without plaits in the sinuses ; calyx without an interior membrane. 4. Gentiana. Corolla with plaits in the sinuses; calyx' with an interior membrane. 5. Dasystephana Corolla rotate. 6. Pleurogyna. 1-2 nectariferous pits, glands or scales at the base of each corolla-lobe. Corolla rotate, a fringed gland at each lobe. 7. Frasera. Corolla campanulate, spurred at the base. 8. Halenia. Leaves, at least those of the stem, reduced to scales ; corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Calyx of 2 foliaceous spatulate sepals ; upper leaves normal. 9. Obolaria. Calyx of 4 lanceolate sepals ; leaves all reduced to scales. 10. Bartonia. i. CENTAURIUM Hill. Brit. Herb. 62. 1756. [ERYTHRAEA Neck. Eletn. 2: 10. 1/90.] Herbs, mostly annual or biennial, with sessile or amplexicaul leaves, and small or middle sized, commonly numerous, pink, white or yellow flowers in cymes or spikes. Calyx tubular, 5~4-lobed or -divided, the lobes or segments narrow, keeled. Corolla salverform, 5-4-lobed, the tube long or short, the lobes spreading, contorted, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5 or 4, inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments short-filiform; anthers linear or oblong, becoming spirally twisted. Ovary i-celled, the placentae sometimes intruded; style filiform; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oblong-ovoid or fusiform, 2-valved. Seed-coat reticulated. [Latin, 100 gold pieces, with reference to its supposed medicinal value. 1 About 25 species, natives of the Old World, western North and South America, and in the West Indies. Besides the following, about 8 others occur in the western and southwestern parts of the United States. Type species: Gentiana Centaurium L. Flowers spicate-racemose. i. C.spicatum. Flowers cymose or cymose-paniculate. Basal leaves tufted. 2. C. Centaurium. No tuft of basal leaves. Corolla-lobes i^"-2j^" long. I GENTIAXACEAE. VOL. III. Flowers short-pedicelled ; naturalized species. Flowers slender-pedicelled ; native western species. Leaves oblong to linear-oblong. Upper leaves mere subulate bracts. Corolla-lobes 3K"-5" long. 3. C. pulchellum. 4. C. exaltatum. 5. C. iexcnse. 6. C. calycosiim. i. Centaurium spicatum (L.) Fernald. Spiked Centaury. Fig. 3330. Gentiana spicata L. Sp. PI. 230. 1753. Erythraea spicata Pers. Syn. i: 283. 1805. Centaurium spicatum Fernald, Rhodora 10 : 54. 1908. Annual, glabrous, erect, strict, usually branched, 6'-i8' high. Leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, sessile, obtusish at the apex, clasping at the base, i'-ii' long, 2"-"" wide; flowers pink, sessile, distant and spicate-racemose on the mostly simple and leafless branches, about 8" long; tube of the corolla somewhat longer than the subulate calyx-seg- ments, 2-3 times as long as the linear-oblong lobes ; capsule 4"-5" long. Coast of Nantucket, and at Portsmouth, Va. Naturalized from Europe. May-Sept. 2. Centaurium Centaurium (L.) W. F. Wight. Lesser or European Centaury. Bitter-herb. Blood wort. Fig. 3331. Gentiana Centaurium L. Sp. PI. 229. 1753. Erythraea Centaurium Pers. Syn. i : 283. 1805. C. Centaurium W. F. Wight, Contr. Nat. Herb, u : 449. 1906. Annual, glabrous, erect, usually branched, 6'-i5' high. Leaves oblong, apex obtuse, the base narrowed; the lower forming a basal tuft, i'-2$' long, 3"-6" wide; stem leaves smaller, distant, rounded at the sessile or slightly clasping base ; flowers numerous, 6"-8" long, nearly sessile, in com- pound terminal mostly dense bracteolate cymes ; corolla- lobes obtuse, 2$"-3" long, about as long as trie calyx-seg- ments and one-third to one-half as long as the corolla- tube; stigmas oval. In waste places, Nova Scotia and Quebec to Massachusetts, Illinois and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe. Earth-gall. Sanctuary. June-Sept. 3. Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce. Branching Centaury. Fig. 3332. Gentiana pulchella Sw. Act. Holm. 1783: 84. /. 8, 9. 1783. Gentiana ramosissima Vill. Hist. PI. Dauph. 2: 530. 1787. Erythraea ramosissima Pers. Syn. 1 : 283. 1805. Erythraea pulchella Fries, Novit. 74. 1828. C. pulchellum Druce, Fl. Oxf. 342. 1897. Annual, glabrous, much branched, 3'-8' high. Leaves oval, ovate or lanceolate, the lower mostly obtuse, 3"-8" long, the upper usually acutish or acute and smaller; no basal tuft of leaves ; flowers pink, cymose-paniculate, all or nearly all of them short-pedicelled, 5"-6" long; tube of "the corolla ii-2 times longer than the calyx- segments, its lobes oblong, obtuse, ii"-2" long; stigma oval ; anthers oblong. In fields and waste places, southern New York to Penn- sylvania, Illinois and Maryland ; also in the West Indies. Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept. GENUS I. GENTIAN FAMILY. 4- Centaurium exaltatum (Griseb.) W. F. Wight. Tall or Western Centaury. Fig. 3333. Cicendia exaltata Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 69. pi. 157. 1834- Erythraea Douglasii A. Gray, Bot. Cal. i : 480. 1876. Erythraea exaltata Coville, Contr. Nat. Herb. 4: 150. 1893. C. exaltatum W. F. Wight, Contr. Nat. Herb, n : 449. 1906. Annual, erect, glabrous, branched, 6'-i8' high, the branches few, erect, slender. Leaves oblong or linear- oblong, sessile, mostly acute at both ends, 5"-io" long, distant, the basal not tufted; flowers few, terminal and axillary, all slender-pedicelled, 6"-8" long; tube of the corolla about one-third longer than the calyx-segments, the lobes oblong, obtuse, \\"-2" long. In sandy soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming, Washington, Arizona and California. May-Sept. 5. Centaurium texense (Griseb.) Fernald. . Texan Centaury. Fig. 3334. Erythraea texensis Griseb ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 58. 1838. C. texense Fernald, Rhodora 10 : 54. 1908. Annual, corymbosely branched above, slender, 2'-8' high. Stem-leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 8" long or less, acute, sessile, the upper ones reduced to subulate bracts; pedicels slender, as long as the calyx or longer ; calyx 4"-5" long, its lobes subulate ; corolla light rose color, its tube longer than the calyx, its acute oblong to oblong-lanceolate lobes about half as long as the tube ; capsule longer than the calyx. In rocky soil, Missouri to Texas. May-Sept. 6. Centaurium calycosum (Buckley) Fernald. Buck- ley's Centaury. Fig. 3335. Erythraea calycosa Buckley, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1862: 7. 1863. Centaurium calycosum Fernald, Rhodora 10: 54. 1908. Annual, corymbosely branched or sometimes simple, 2 high or less, the branches ascending or spreading. Leaves oblong to spatulate or linear, *'-:$' long, acute, sessile; pedicels as long as the calyx or longer ; calyx .4"-5" long, its lobes nar- rowly linear; corolla pink, its tube a little longer than the calyx, its oval or oblong obtuse lobes nearly as long as the tube. In wet or moist soil, Missouri to Texas, Mexico and New Mexico. April-June. 2. SABBATIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 503. 1763. Annual or biennial erect usually branched glabrous herbs, with opposite or sometimes verticillate sessile or rarely petioled or clasping leaves, and rather large terminal and solitary or cymose pink rose or white flowers. Calyx 4-i2-parted or -divided, the tube campanulate, sometimes very short, the lobes or segments usually narrow. Corolla rotate, deeply 4-12- parted. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the short tube pf the corolla; filaments filiform, short; GENTIAXACEAE. VOL. III. anthers linear or oblong, curved, revolute or coiled in anthesis. Ovary i-celled, the placentae intruded; style 2-cleft or 2-parted, its lobes filiform, stigmatic along their inner sides. Cap- sule ovoid or globose, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds small, reticulated. [In honor of L. and C. Sabbati, Italian botanists, according to Salisbury, Parad. Lond. pi. 32, therefore Sabbatia, though Adanson's spelling was Sabatia.] About 1 8 species, natives of eastern North America, the West Indies and Mexico. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the southern United States. Type species : Chironia dodecandra L. Flowers normally 4-s-parted, sometimes 6-7-parted. Branches opposite. Style 2-parted to below the middle or nearly to the base ; flowers white. Leaves lanceolate or ovate, acute ; flowers 8"-i2" broad. i. S. lanceolata. Leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse; flowers 6" 9" broad. 2. S.paniculata, Style 2-cleft to about the middle ; flowers normally pink. Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile ; stem slightly 4-angled. 3. S. brachiata. Leaves ovate, cordate-clasping ; stem strongly 4-angled. 4. S. angnlaris. Branches alternate, the lower sometimes opposite in nos. 5 and 6. Calyx-segments foliaceous, longer than the corolla. 5. S. calycina. Calyx-segments linear or lanceolate, not longer than the corolla. Calyx-tube 5-ribbed ; flowers i' 2' broad; leaves ovate to oblong. 6. S. cainfestris. Calyx-tube scarcely ribbed; flowers i'-i l /z' broad; leaves linear to lanceolate. Calyx shorter than the corolla ; style 2-parted. Flower pink with a yellow eye (rarely white) ; corolla-segments obovate. 7. S.stellaris. Flowers white, very numerous ; corolla-segments spatulate or oblanceolate. 8. S.Elliot Hi. Calyx-segments filiform, as long as the corolla ; style 2-cleft. 9. S. campanulata. Flowers normally 8-i2-parted, ij^'-sj^' broad. 10. S. dodecandra. i. Sabbatia lanceolata (Walt.) T. & G. Lance-leaved Sabbatia. Fig. 3336. Chironia lanceolata Walt. Fl. Car. 95. 1788. S. lanceolata T. & G. ; A. Gray, Man. 356. 1848. Stem branched above, or simple, slender, some- what 4-angled, or terete below, i-3 high, the branches all opposite. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, acute, or the lower sometimes obtuse, 3~5-nerved, i '-2' long, or the lowest shorter, the uppermost reduced to narrow bracts ; flowers white, fading yellowish, 8"-i2" broad, usually numerous in bracteolate corymbed cymes ; pedicels slender, 2"-/" long; calyx-lobes filiform-linear, much shorter than the corolla ; corolla-segments oblong or slightly obovate ; anthers recurved ; style ; capsule ovoid, about 3" high. 2-parted ; capsule ovoid, about 3 high. In pine-barren swamps, New Jersey to Florida. May-Sept. 2. Sabbatia paniculata (Michx.) Pursh. Branching Sabbatia. Fig. 3337. C. paniculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 146. 1803. S. paniculata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 138. 1814. Stem _ usually freely branching, 4-angled. i-2| high, the branches all opposite. Leaves linear, linear-oblong, or lanceolate, obtuse, i'-ii' long, the lower commonly shorter and broader, the uppermost small and bract-like ; flowers white, 6"-g" broad, usually very nu- merous in corymbed cymes ; pedicels mostly short, the central flowers of the cymes often nearly sessile ; calyx-lobes linear, not more than one-half the length of the corolla; co- rolla-segments spatulate-oblong; anthers re- curved or coiled; style 2-parfed; capsule ob- long, about 3" high. In dry or moist soil, Virginia to Florida. May- Sept. GENUS 2. GEXTIAX FAMILY. 3. Sabbatia brachiata. Ell. Narrow- leaved Sabbatia. Fig. 3338. Clrironia angularis var. angustifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 146. 1803. S. brachiata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 284. 1817. S. angustifolia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 259. 1894. Stem slender, branched above, slightly 4- angled, i-2 high, the branches all opposite. Leaves linear, linear-oblong, or linear-lanceo- late, obtuse, or the upper acute, sessile, 1-2' long, the uppermost small and bract-like ; flowers pink with a yellowish or greenish eye, few in the racemed or short-corymbcd cymes, or solitary at the ends of the branches, about i' broad; calyx-lobes linear, usually more than one-half the length of the corolla ; corolla- segments obovate-oblong ; style 2-c!eft to about the middle ; capsule oblong, 3 "-4" high. In dry or moist soil, Indiana to Louisiana, east to North Carolina and Florida. May-Sept. A. Sabbatia angularis (L.) Pursh. Bitter-bloom. Rose-Pink. Square-stemmed Sabbatia. Fig. 3339. Chironia angularis L. Sp. PI. 190. 1753. 5". angularis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 137. 1814. Stem usually rather stout and much branched, sharply 4-angled, 2-3 high, the branches all opposite or the lowest rarely alternate. Leaves ovate, acute at the apex, cordate-clasping at the base, 9" 1 8" long, or the lower oblong and ob- tuse, those of the branches smaller ; flowers rose- pink, with a central greenish star, occasionally white, i'-ii' broad, usually solitary at the ends of the branches; calyx-lobes linear, one-half the length of the corolla, or less; corolla-segments obovate; style 2-cleft; capsule oblong, about 3" high. In rich soil, often in thickets, New York and Pennsylvania to western Ontario, Michigan, Flor- ida, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Louisiana. Bitter clover. Pink-bloom. American centaury. July-Aug. Flowers fragrant. 5. Sabbatia calycina (Lam.) Heller. Coast Sabbatia. Fig. 3340. Gentiana calycina Lam. Encycl. 2: 638. 1786. C. calycosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 146. 1803. Sabbatia calycosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 138. 1814. S. calycina Heller, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 24. 1894. Stem somewhat 4-angled, freely branched, 6'-i2' high, the branches alternate, or the lowest sometimes opposite. Leaves oblong or some of them slightly obovate, obtuse or acute, 3-nerved, i'-2' long, narrowed to the sessile base or the lower into petioles ; flowers usu- ally few, solitary at the ends of the branches or peduncles, i'-ii' broad; calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, leaf-like, longer than the spatu- late segments of the pink rose-purple or whit- ish corolla ; style 2-parted, capsule ovoid- oblong, 3"-4" high. In moist soil, Virginia to Florida, near the Coast, Cuba ; Santo Domingo. June-Auer, GENTIANACEAE. VOL. III. 6. Sabbatia campestris Xutt. Prairie Sabbatia. Fig. 3341. Sabbatia campestris Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 197, 1833-37. Stem 4-angled, branched, 6'-i5' high, the branches alternate or dichotomous, or the lowest opposite. Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, mostly obtuse at the apex, sessile or slightly clasping and subcordate at the base, i'-i' long; flowers solitary at the ends of the branches and peduncles, i'-2' broad; peduncles, 1-2' long; calyx 5-ribbed or almost 5-winged, its lobes lan- ceolate, acute, 6"-i2" long, about as long as the obovate lilac corolla-segments, becoming rather rigid in fruit; style 2-cleft; capsule oblong, 3"-4" high. On prairies, Missouri and Kansas to Texas. 7. Sabbatia stellaris Pursh. Sea or Marsh Pink. Fig. 3342. Sabbatia stellaris Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i : 137. 1814. Chironia stellata Muhl. Cat. Ed. 2, 23. 1818. Stem nearly terete, or slightly 4-angled, usually much branched, 6'-2 high, the branches alternate. Leaves lanceolate-oblong to linear, sessile, i'-2' long, 2"-5" wide, or the lowest smaller, some- what obovate and obtuse, the uppermost narrowly linear and bract-like ; flowers 9"-! 8" broad, usu- ally numerous, solitary at the ends of the branches or slender peduncles ; calyx not ribbed, its lobes narrowly linear, shorter than or nearly equalling the oblong or obovate corolla-segments; corolla pink to white with a yellowish starry eye bor- dered with red ; style 2-cleft to below the middle ; capsule about 2\" high. In salt-meadows, coast of Massachusetts to Flor- ida. Recorded from Maine. Called also Rose-of- Ply mouth. July-Sept. 8. Sabbatia Elliottii Steud. Elliott's Sabbatia. Fig. 3343. Swertla difformis L. Sp. PI. 226. 1753? Sabbatia paniculata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 282. 1817. Not Pursh, 1814. S. Elliottii Steud. Nomencl. Ed. 2, 2 : 489. 1841. _ Stem paniculately branched, terete or slightly ridged, i-2 high, the branches alternate. Lower leaves obovate or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, 6"-9" long, the upper and those of the branches narrowly linear or subulate; flowers very numerous, white, solitary at the ends of the branches and short peduncles, i' broad or less; calyx not ribbed, its lobes subulate-linear, one-half as long as the spatulate or oblanceo- late segments of the corolla, or less; style 2-parted; capsule about 2\" high. In pine-barrens, Virginia and North Carolina to Florida. Quinine-flower. July-Sept. GENUS 2. GENTIAN FAMILY. 9. Sabbatia campanulata (L.) Torr. Slender Marsh Pink. Fig. 3344. Chironia campanulata L. Sp. PI. 190. 1753. Chironia gracilis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 146. 1803. Sabbatia gracilis Salisb. Farad. Lond. pi. 32. 1806. Sabbatia campanulata Torr. Fl. U. S. i : 217. 1824. Similar to the preceding species. Stem usually very slender and much branched, i-2 high, the branches alternate. Leaves linear, or linear-lan- ceolate. i'-ii' long, sessile, acute, or the lowest much shorter, obtuse, oblong or oblanceolate, sometimes narrowed into short petioles, the up- permost almost filiform ; flowers pink with a yellow eye, about i' broad, solitary at the ends of the branches and peduncles, mostly 5-parted ; calyx-lobes filiform-linear, equalling the oblong- obovate corolla-segments, or somewhat shorter; style 2-cleft to about the middle; capsule obovoid, about 22" high. In salt marshes and along brackish rivers, rarely in fresh-water swamps, Nantucket to Florida and Louisiana. Also on the summits of the southern Alleghanies. Bahamas; Cuba. May-Aug. 10. Sabbatia dodecandra (L.) B.S.P. Large Marsh Pink. Fig. 3345. Chironia dodecandra L. Sp. PI. 190. 1753. Chironia chloroides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 147. 1803. Sabbatia chloroides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 138. 1814. Sabbatia dodecandra B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 36. 1888. Stem i-2 high, little branched or simple, terete or nearly so, the branches alternate. Basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, ii'-3' long; stem leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, the uppermost usually narrowly linear; flowers few, pink, sometimes white, solitary at the ends of the branches or peduncles, iF-22' broad; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, about one-half as long as the 8-12 spatulate-obovate co- rolla-segments ; anthers coiled ; style deeply 2-cleft, its divisions clavate ; capsule globose-oval, 3" high. In sandy borders of ponds and along salt marshes, Massachusetts to North Carolina, near the coast. July- Sept. Plants of the Gulf States, previously referred to this species, prove to be distinct. 3. EUSTOMA Salisb. Parad. Lond. pi 34. 1806. Erect usually branched glaucous annual herbs, with opposite sessile or clasping entire leaves. Flowers large, blue, purple or white, long-peduncled, axillary and terminal, solitary or paniculate. Calyx deeply 5-6-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, keeled. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 5-6-lobed, the lobes oblong or obovate, usually erose-denticulate, convo- lute in the bud. Stamens 5-6, inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments filiform; anthers oblong, versatile, at length recurved, or remaining nearly straight. Ovary i-celled; style filiform ; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule oblong or ovoid, 2-valved. Seeds small, numer- ous, foveolate. [Greek, open-mouth, referring to the corolla.] Four species, natives of the southern United States, New Mexico and the West Indies, species: Eustoma silenifoHum Salisb. Type GENTIANACEAE. VOL. III. i. Eustoma Russellianum (Hook.) Griseb. Russell's Eustoma. Fig. 3346. Lisianthits Russellianus Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 3626. 1839. Lisianthus glancifolius Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5:197. 1833-37. Not. Jacq. 1786. E. Russellianum Griseb. in DC. Prodr. 9: 51. 1845. Stem terete, rather stout, i-2$ high. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, 3-5-nerved, the upper usually acute at the apex, cordate-clasping at the base, ii'~3' long, the lower usually obtuse at the apex and nar- rowed to a sessile or slightly auricled base; pedun- cles i '-4' long, stout, bracted at the base, the bracts lanceolate-subulate, small ; flowers 2'-$' broad ; calyx-lobes long-acuminate, shorter than the purple corolla ; corolla-lobes obovate, about 4 times as long as the tube ; style slender ; anthers remaining nearly straight; capsule oblong, pointed. On prairies, Nebraska to Louisiana, Colorado, Texas, New Mexico and Mexico. Canada pest. May-Aug. 4. GENTIANA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 227. 1753. Erect mostly glabrous herbs, with opposite or rarely verticillate, entire sessile or short- petioled leaves. Flowers blue, purple, yellow or white, solitary or clustered, terminal or axillary. Calyx tubular, 4-7- (usually 5-) cleft. Corolla tubular, clavate, campanulate, sal- verform or funnelform (rotate in some exotic species), 4~7-lobed, often gland-bearing within* the lobes entire or fimbriate. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted in its tube, included; anthers connate into a tube, or separate, not recurved or coiled. Ovary i-celled; ovules very numerous; style short or none; stigma cleft into 2 lamellae. Capsule sessile or stipitate, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, sometimes covering the whole inner wall of the capsule, wingless or winged. [Named for King Gentius of Illyria.] About 150 species, mostly natives of the north temperate and arctic zones and the Andes of South America. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species: Gentiana lutea L. Corolla-lobes fringed or serrate ; flowers I'-j,' long. Corolla enclosed in the swollen wing-angled calyx. CoroUa conspicuously longer than the wingless calyx. Corolla-lobes fringed all around their summits ; leaves lanceolate. Corolla-lobes fringed mainly on the margins ; leaves linear. Corolla-lobes with entire or rarely denticulate margins; flowers 6 "-12" long. Corolla-lobes fimbriate-crested at the base, acute. Corolla-lobes naked, subulate-acuminate. Calyx-lobes unequal : flowers mostly 4-parted. Calyx-lobes equal ; flowers 5-parted. 1. G. vcntricosa, 2. G. crinita. 3. G. procera. 4. G. acuta. 5. G. propinqua. 6. G- quinqucfolia. i. Gentiana ventricosa Griseb. tian. Fig. 3347. Swollen Gen- Gentiana ventricosa Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 65. pi. 152. 1834. Annual; stem strict, terete, branched above, about i high. Basal leaves obovate, small, those of the stem ovate-oblong, obtuse or acute at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, i' long, 4"-6" wide; flowers few, solitary at the ends of stout peduncles, 4-parted; calyx inflated, ovoid, about 9" high, 4"-$" thick, wing-angled, enclosing the corolla; corolla-lobes oblong, obtuse, lac- erate-serrate ; ovary elliptic-oblong. Grand Rapids of Saskatchewan, between Cumberland House and Hudson Bay (Drummond). Not recently col- lected. GENUS 4. GENTIAN FAMILY. 2. Gentiana crinita Froel. Fringed Gen- tian. Fig. 3348. Gentiana crinita Froel. Gen. 112. 1796. Annual or biennial ; stem leafy, usually branch- ed, I -3i high, the branches erect, somewhat 4-angled. Basal and lower leaves obovate, ob- tuse, the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, i'-2 f long, acute or acuminate at the apex, sessile by a rounded or subcordate base ; flowers mostly 4-parted, several or numerous, about 2' high, solitary at the ends of the usually elongated peduncles ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, un- equal, their midribs decurrent on the angles of the tube ; corolla bright blue, rarely white, nar- rowly campanulate, its lobes obovate, rounded, conspicuously fringed all around their summits, scarcely fringed on the sides, spreading when mature; capsule spindle-shaped, stipitate; seeds scaly-hispid. In moist woods and meadows, Quebec to Ontario. Minnesota, south to Georgia and Iowa. Sept.-Oct. 3. Gentiana procera Holm. Smaller Fringed Gentian. Fig. 3349. Gentiana procera Holm, Ottawa Nat. 15: n. 1901. Annual ; similar to the preceding species but smaller; stem simple, or little branched, 3'-i8' high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse, the upper linear or linear-lanceolate, i'-2i' long, 2,"-4" wide ; flowers 1-6, solitary at the ends of elongated erect peduncles, mostly 4-parted, about li' high ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, their midribs decurrent on the tube ; corolla narrowly campanulate, bright blue, its lobes spatulate- oblong, strongly fringed on both sides, entire or somewhat fimbriate or toothed around the apex; capsule short-stipitate ; seeds scaly-hispid. In wet places, New York and Ontario to Minne- sota, South Dakota and Manitoba. July-Sept. Pre- viously confused with G. detonsa Rottb. and with G. serrata Gunner, Old World species. Northwestern and Rocky Mountain plants formerly referred to this species prove to be distinct from it. Gentiana nesophila Holm, of Anticosti, differs in merely denticulate corolla-lobes. 4. Gentiana acuta Michx. Northern Gentian. Fig. 3350. Gentiana acuta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 177. 1803. W>~ Gentiana Amarella var. acuta Herder, Act. Hort. Petrop. i : 428. 1872. Annual; stem leafy, slightly wing-angled, simple or branched, 6'-2o' high. Basal and lower leaves spatu- late or obovate, obtuse, the upper lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, sessile, or somewhat clasping, i'-2' long; flowers numerous, racemose-spicate, 5"-8" high, the pedicels 2"-6" long, leafy-bracted at the base; calyx deeply 5-parted (rarely 4-parted), its lobes lanceolate; corolla tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed (rare'y 4-lobed), blue, its lobes lanceolate, acute, each with a fimbriate crown at the base ; capsule sessile. In moist or wet places, Labrador to Alaska, Maine, Minnesota, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and Mexico. Also in Europe and Asia. Closely resembles the Old World G. Amarella. Felwort. Bastard-gentian. Bald- money. Summer. GENTIANACEAE. VOL. III. 5. Gentiana propinqua Richards. Four-parted Gentian. Fig. 3351. Gentiana propinqua Richards. Frank. Journ. 734. 1823. Stems slender, usually branched from the base and sometimes also above, slightly wing-angled, 2'-? high. Basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, the upper distant, obiong or lanceolate, i'-ii' long, acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded at the slightly clasping base, obscurely 3-nerved; flowers few or several, solitary on slender peduncles, mostly 4-parted, 8"-io" high; calyx 4-cleft, 2 of the lobes oblong, the others linear-lanceolate; corolla blue or bluish, glandular within at the base, its lobes ovate- lanceolate, entire or denticulate; capsule linear, at length a little longer than the corolla. Labrador to Alaska and British Columbia. Summer. 6. Gentiana quinquefolia L. Stiff Gentian. Ague-weed. Fig. 3352. Gentiana quinquefolia L. Sp. PI. 230. i753 Gentiana quinque flora Lam. Encycl. 2: 643. 1786. Annual ; stem ridged, usually branched, 2'-2^ high, quadrangular. Basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, those of the stem ovate, acute at the apex, clasping and subcordate or rounded at the base, 3~7-nerved, \'-2.' long; flowers in clusters of 1-7 at the ends of the branches, or also axillary; pedicels slender, 2" -7" long; calyx one-fourth to one-third the length of the corolla, its lobes narrow, or sometimes folia- ceous, acute ; corolla tubular-funnelform, s"-io" long, blue or yellowish, glandular within at the base, its lobes triangular, very acute, entire; capsule stipi- tate; seeds globose, wingless. In dry or moist soil, Maine and Ontario to Michigan, south to Florida and Missouri. Ascends to 6300 ft. in North Carolina. Consists of several or many races, differing in size of plant, size of corolla ; the calyx-lobes narrow or broad. Five- flowered gentian. Gall-of-the-Earth. Gall-weed. Aug.-Oct. 5. DASYSTEPHANA [Reneal.] Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 502. 1763. Mostly perennial herbs with opposite entire leaves, and large sessile or short-stalked flowers in terminal and axillary clusters, or sometimes solitary, usually 2-bracted under the calyx. Calyx mostly 5-lobed, with an interior membrane. Corolla mostly 5-lobed, clavate to funnelform, with thin lobed or toothed plaits in the sinuses, but without glands. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, the anthers cohering in a ring or separate. Ovary i-celled; ovules very numerous ; style short ; capsule stipitate. [Greek, rough garland.] About 75 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, several others occur in western North America. Type species : Gentiana asclepiadea L. Margins of leaves and calyx-lobes scabrous or ciliate ; seeds winged. Anthers separate, or merely connivent. Stems usually clustered ; calyx-lobes unequal ; corolla narrowly funnelform. i. D. affinis. Stems mostly solitary ; calyx-lobes equal ; corolla campanulate-funnelform. 2. D. pubcrula. Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube. Corolla-lobes distinct, longer than or equalling the plaits. Flowers 1-4 ; corolla campanulate-funnelform, its lobes 2-3 times as long as the plaits. 3. D. parvifolia. Flowers several or numerous ; corolla club-shaped, its lobes not much longer than the plaits. 4. D. Saponaria. Corolla-lobes none or minute, the plaits very broad. 5. D.Andre-wsii. Margins of leaves and calyx-lobes smooth or nearly so. Flowers clustered, sessile, 2-bracteolate under the calyx. Corolla-lobes ovate, twice as long as the plaits ; leaves broad, acuminate ; seeds winged. 6. D. flavida. Corolla-lobes rounded, little longer than the plaits ; leaves narrow ; seeds winged. 7. D. linearis. Corolla-lobes ovate, acute, much longer than the broad plaits ; leaves broad ; seeds winged. 8. D. Grayi. Corolla-lobes triangular-lanceolate ; leaves obovate ; seeds wingless. 9. D. villosa. Flowers solitary, peduncled, not bracteolate ; leaves linear. 10. D. Porphyrio. GENUS 5. GEXTIAX FAMILY. II i. Dasystephana affinis (Griseb.) Rydb. Ob- long-leaved Gentian. Fig. 3353. Gentiana affinis Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 56. 1834. D. affinis Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 33 : 149. 1906. Perennial; stems clustered from deep roots, minutely puberulent, simple, 6'-i8' high. Leaves linear-oblong to lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or acutish, rounded or narrowed at the base, firm, roughish-margined, indis- tinctly nerved, J'-ii' long, the floral smaller; flowers few, numerous, or rarely solitary, 5-parted, sessile and solitary or clustered in the axils of the upper leaves, about i' high, not bracted under the calyx ; calyx-lobes linear or subulate, unequal, the longer about equalling the tube, the smaller sometimes minute; corolla nar- rowly funnelform, blue, its lobes ovate, acute or mu- cronate, entire, spreading, with laciniate appendages in the sinuses ; anthers separate ; seeds broadly winged. In moist soil, Minnesota to British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. Aug.-Oct. 2. Dasystephana puberula (Michx.) Small. Downy Gentian. Fig. 3354. Gentiana puberula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 176. 1803. D. puberula Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 930. 1903. Perennial; stems usually solitary, leafy, 8'-i8' high, minutely puberulent or glabrous, nearly terete. Leaves firm, lanceolate, or the lower oblong, roughish- margined, indistinctly nerved, pale beneath, nar- rowed or rounded at the base, i' 3' long; flowers sessile or nearly so in the upper axils, rarely soli- tary and terminal, 2-bracteolate under the calyx, \\'-2.' high ; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, equal, about as long as the tube, rough ; corolla campanulate- funnelform, 2-3 times as long as the calyx, its lobes ovate, entire, spreading, much longer than the cleft or laciniate appendages ; anthers at first connivent, soon separate; seeds oblong, broadly winged. On prairies, Maryland to Ohio, Minnesota, South Dakota, Georgia and Kansas. Aug.-Oct. 3. Dasystephana parvifolia (Chapm.) Small. Elliott's Gentian. Fig. 3355. ^Gentiana rigida Raf. Med. Fl. i: 212. 1832. Gentiana Elliottii Chapm. Fl. S. States, 356. 1860. Not Raf. "iGentiana scaberrima Kusnezow, Act. Hort. Petrop. 13: 59- 1893. D. parvifolia Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 930. 1903. D. latifolia Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 930. 1903. Perennial ; roots a cluster of thick fibres ; stems slender, leafy, terete, minutely rough-puberulent, simple, 8'-2 high. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute or acutish at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, thin, roughish-margined, i' 2' long, 3-nerved, or the lower much smaller and obtuse; flowers 1-4, terminal, or rarely I or 2 in the upper axils, about 2' long, sessile, 2-bracteolate under the glabrous calyx; calyx-lobes oblong or lanceolate, foliaceous, longer than the tube ; co- rolla campanulate-funnelform, blue, its lobes ovate, obtuse, sometimes mucronate, entire, 3"-4" long, about twice as long as the fimbriate or toothed appendages ; anthers cohering in a tube ; seeds oblong, broadly winged. In moist soil, Virginia to Florida. Sampson snake- root. Sept.-Oct. Gentiana decora Pollard, of the same range, differs in having the calyx-tube pubescent. 12 GENTIANACEAE. VOL. III. 4. Dasystephana Saponaria (L.) Small. Soapwort or Blue-Gentian. Fig. 3356. Gcntiana Saponaria L. Sp. PI. 228. 1753. Gentiana Caicsbaci Walt. Fl. Car. 109. 1788. D. Saponaria Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 930. 1903. Perennial ; stem erect or ascending, terete, slender, simple or with short erect axillary branches, glabrous, or minutely rough-puber- ulent above, i-2* high, leafy. Leaves lan- ceolate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, usually acute at both ends, 3-5-nerved, roushish-mar- gined, 2'-^' long, the lowest obovate and smaller; flowers i'-2' high, in sessile terminal and usually also axillary clusters of 1-5, 2-bractco!ate under the calyx; calyx-lobes oblong or spatulate, ciliolate; corolla blue, club-shaped, its lobes erect, obtuse, equall ng or longer than the cleft or lacerate append- ages; anthers cohering in a tube; capsule stip- itate ; seeds broadly w-inged. In wet soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Connecticut, Florida and Louisiana. Calathian violet. Harvest- bells. Rough or marsh-gentian. Sampson snake- root. Aug.-Oct. 5. Dasystephana Andrews!! (Griseb.) Small. Closed Blue or Blind Gentian. Fig. 3357. JGenliana alba Muhl. Cat. Ed. 2, 29. 1818. JGentiana claitsa Raf. Med. Fl. i : 210. 1832. G, Andrewtii Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 55. 1834. D. Andren-sii Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 930. 1903. Perennial; stout, glabrous, i-2 high, simple, leafy. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, 3-/-nerved, acu- minate at the apex, narrowed or sometimes rounded at the base, 2'-$.' long, rough-margined, the lowest oblong or obovate, smaller; flowers I'-i-J' high in a terminal sessile cluster and commonly I or 2 in the upper axils, 2-bracteolate under the calyx ; calyx-lobes lanceolate or ovate, ciliolate, usually spreading; corolla oblong, club-shaped, blue, or occasionally white, nearly or quite closed, its lobes obsolete, the intervening appendages very broad, light colored, opposite the stamens; anthers coher- ing in a tube; capsule stipitate; seeds oblong, winged. In moist soil, Quebec to Manitoba, Georgia and Ne- braska. Cloistered-heart. Bottle- or barrel-gentian. Aug.-Oct. 6. Dasystephana flavida (A. Gray) Brit- ton. Yellowish Gentian. Fig. 3358. G. flavida A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II.) 1 : 80. 1846. G. alba A. Gray, Man. 360. 1848. Not Muhl. 1818. Perennial ; stem stout, terete, glabrous, sim- ple, erect or ascending, i-3 high. Leaves ovate- lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, smooth-mar- gined, acuminate at the apex, subcordate. clasp- ing or rounded at the base, 2'-$' long, i'-2'wide; flowers several or numerous in a sessile terminal cluster and sometimes i or 2 in the upper axils, ii'-2' high, 2-bracteolate under the calyx; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, smooth or minutely rough-margined, shorter than the tube, at length spreading; corolla campanulate-funnelform, open, greenish or yellowish white, its lobes ovate, acute or obtuse, twice as long as the erose-denticulate appendages ; anthers cohering in a tube; capsule stipitate; seeds winged. In moist soil, Ontario to Minnesota, Missouri, Virginia and Kentucky. Aug.-Oct. GENUS 5. GEXTIAX FAMILY. 7. Dasystephana linearis (Froel.) Britton. Narrow-leaved Gentian. Fig. 3359. Gentiana linearis Froel. Gent. 37. 1796. Genliana Saponaria var. linearis Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 55. 1834. Gentiana rubncaulis Schwein. in Keating's Narr. Long's Exp. 2: 384. 1824. Gentiana linearis var. lanceolata A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part i, 123. 1878. Perennial; glabrous throughout; stem slender, terete, simple, 6'-2 high, leafy. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, smooth-margined, acute at both ends, 3-nerved, ii'-3' long, 2"-5" wide ; flowers i '-i I' high in a terminal cluster of 1-5 and sometimes also in the upper axils ; calyx- lobes linear or lanceolate, shorter than the tube; corolla erect, blue, oblong-funnelform, open, its lobes erect, rounded, i"-2" long, slightly longer than the entire or i-2-toothed appendages ; an- thers coherent in a tube, or at length distinct; capsule stipitate; seeds winged. In bogs and on mountains, New Brunswick and Ontario to Maryland and Minnesota. Ascends to 5000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Aug.-Sept. 8. Dasystephana Grayi (Kusnezow) Brit- ton. Gray's Gentian. Fig. 3360. Gentiana linearis var. latifolia A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 22 : 309. 1887. Gentiana Grayi Kusnezow, Act. Hort. Petrop. 13: 59. 1893- Perennial; glabrous; stem terete, i-2 high. Leaves rather distant, lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- late, acuminate, rounded at the base, smooth- margined. 2'-3' long, the lower narrower and obtuse; flowers about \\' hi.^h in a sessile term- inal cluster, 2-bracteolate under the calyx; calyx- lobes unequal, the larger about as long as the tube ; corolla greenish blue or bright blue, club- shaped, its lobes ovate, acute or acutish, much longer than the broad i-2-toothed appendages; anthers coherent, or at length distinct; seeds oblong, winged. In wet soil, New Brunswick to western Ontario, Michigan and Minnesota. Referred in our first edi- tion to Gentiana rubricaulis Schwein., which proves to be a synonym of the preceding species. Recorded from central New York. Aug.-Sept. 9. Dasystephana villosa (L.) Small. Striped Gentian. Fig. 3361. Gentiana villosa L. sp. PI. 228. 1753. Gentiana ochroleuca Froel. Gent. 35. 1796. D. villosa Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 931. 1903. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so ; stem simple, slen- der, terete, 6'-i8' high. Leaves obovate, obtuse or the upper acute, narrowed at the base, faintly S-nerved, i '-3' long, the lower much smaller; flowers several in a terminal sessile cluster and sometimes also in the upper axils, nearly 2' long, 2-bracteolate under the calyx ; calyx-lobes unequal, linear, longer than the tube ; corolla greenish white, striped within, oblong-funnel- form, open, its lobes triangular-ovate or ovate-lanceo- late, erect, much longer than the oblique entire or i-2-toothed appendages ; seeds oval, wingless. In shaded places, southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida and Louisiana. Marsh- or straw-colored gentian. Sampson snake-root. Sept.-Nov. GEXTIANACEAE. VOL. III. 10. Dasystephana Porphyrio (J. F. Gmel.) Small. One-flowered Gentian. Fig. 3362. Gentiana purpttrea Walt. Fl. Car. 109. 1788. Not. L. 1753. Gentiana Porphyrio J. F. Gmel. Syst. 2: 462. 1791. Gentiana angnstifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 177. 1803. D. Porphyrio Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 931. 1903. Perennial, glabrous; stem erect or ascending, simple or branched, 6'-i8' high. Leaves linear, firm, acute or blunt at the apex, i'-2' long, i "-2" wide, or the upper and lower shorter; flowers solitary at the ends of the stem or branches, short-peduncled, about 2' high, not bracteo- late under the calyx ; calyx-lobes linear, longer than the tube; corolla funnelform, bright blue, sometimes brown- dotted within, its lobes ovate, acutish, spreading, $"-7" long, three times as long as the conspicuously laciniate appendages, or more; seeds oblong, wingless. In moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida. Aug.-Oct. 6. PLEUROGYNA Eschol. Linnaea i : 187. 1826. Slender usually branched annual glabrous herbs, with opposite leaves, and rather large blue or white flowers in terminal narrow racemes or panicles, or solitary at the ends of the slender peduncles. Calyx deeply 4-5-parted ; segments narrow, often unequal. Corolla rotate, 4-5-parted ; lobes vate or lanceolate, convolute, acute, with a pair of narrow appendages at the base. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the corolla-tube near its base ; filaments slender or filiform; anthers ovate, sagittate, straight. Ovary l-celled; ovules numerous; style none; stigma decurrent along the sutures of the ovary. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds small and .numer- ous. [Greek, referring to the lateral stigmatic surfaces.] About 7 species, of the colder parts of the northern hemisphere, only the following typical one in North America. i. Pleurogyna rotata (L.) Griseb. Marsh Felwort. Fig. 3363- Swertia rotata L. Sp. PL 226. 1753. Pleurogyne rotata Griseb. Gent. 309. 1839. Stem erect, usually 6'-is' high, sometimes lower, simple, or with nearly erect branches. Leaves linear to lanceolate, i'-2' long, i "-2" wide, or the basal spatulate or oblong^ shorter and sometimes broader; sepals narrowly linear to lanceolate, about the length of the lanceolate to oblong- lanceolate corolla-segments which are 4" -7" long; capsule narrowly oblong. Quebec, Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Recorded from the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Also in Europe and Asia. Summer. 7. FRASERA Walt. Fl. Car. 87. 1788. Perennial or biennial erect glabrous mostly tall herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves, and rather large white yellowish or bluish flowers, in terminal cymose panicles or thyrses. Calyx 4-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla rotate, 4-parted, the lobes convolute in the bud, each bearing I or 2 fimbriate or fringed glands within. Stamens 4, inserted on the base of the short corolla-tube; filaments subulate or filiform, sometimes united at the base; anthers oblong, versatile. Ovary ovoid, i-celled ; style slender or short, but distinct ; stigma 2-lobed or nearly entire. Capsule ovoid, coriaceous, somewhat compressed, 2-valved. few-seeded. Seeds flattened, smooth, margined or narrowly winged. [In honor of John Fraser, a botan- ical collector.] About 15 species, natives of North America, all but the following typical one far western. GEXL-S 7. GEXTIAX FAMILY i. Frasera carolinensis \\'alt. American Columbo. Fig. 3364. Frasera carolinensis Walt. Fl. Car. 8/. 1788. Stem 3-/ high, stout. Leaves mostly verti- cillate in 4's, those of the stem lanceolate or oblong, acute or acutish, 3'-6' long, the basal ones spatulate or oblanceolate, usually much larger, the uppermost small and bract-like; inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate, large, often 2 long; flowers slender-pedicelled, about i' broad; corolla yel- lowish white with brown-purple dots, its lobes broadly oblong, bearing a large circular long- fringed gland at or below the middle ; style 2"-$" long; stigma 2-lobed; capsule much compressed, 6"-8" high, longer than the calyx. In dry soil, western New York and Ontario to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Tennessee. Yellow gentian. Pyramid-flower or -plant. June-Aug. 8. HALENIA Borck. in Roem. Archiv i : 25. 1796. [TETRAGOXAXTHUS S. G. Gmel. Fl. Sib. 4: 114. Hyponym. 1/69.] Annual or perennial usually tufted glabrous herbs, with opposite leaves, and middle-sized white yellowish purple or blue flowers in terminal and axillary often panicled cymes. Calyx deeply 4-cleft or 4-parted, the segments lanceolate or oblong. Corolla campanulate, 4~5-cleft, the lobes convolute in the bud, each with a hollow spur or projection below, which is glandu- lar at the bottom within, or sometimes spurless. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted near the base of the corolla; filaments filiform or subulate; anthers oblong, versatile. Ovary i-celled, the placentae more or less intruded ; ovules numerous ; style very short, sometimes none ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or oblong, 2-vaived. Seeds globose-ovoid to oblong, compressed, smooth. [In honor of Jonas Halen, 1727-1810, a pupil of Linnaeus.] About 30 species, natives of mountainous regions of North America, South America and Asia. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern United States. Type species: Halcnia sibirica Borck. i. Halenia deflexa (J. E. Smith) Griseb. Spurred Gentian. Fig. 3365. Swertia deflexa J. E. Smith in Rees' Cyclop, no. 8. 1816. Halcnia deflexa Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 67. pi. 755- 1834- H. Brentoniana Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 68. 1834. H. heterantha Griseb. loc. cit. 1834. Tetragonanthus clcflc.rus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 431. 1891. Annual or biennial ; stem simple or branched, slen- der, erect, 6'-2o' high, usually with long internodes. Basal leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, narrowed into petioles ; stem-leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute, sessile, 3-5-nerved, i'-2' long, the uppermost much smaller ; calyx-segments lanceolate or spatulate, acute or acuminate ; corolla purplish or white, about 4" high, its lobes ovate, acute, the spurs deflexed or descending, one-fourth to one-half the length of the corolla or none ; capsule narrowly oblong, 6"-/" long, about twice as long as the calyx. In moist woods and thickets. Newfoundland and Lab- rador to Massachusetts, New York, Saskatchewan, Mon- tana, Michigan and South Dakota. Races differ in size of the plant and of the flowers and in the development of the corolla-spurs. Recorded from the " Indian Ter- ritory " (Oklahoma), apparently erroneously. July- Aug. 9. OBOLARIA L. Sp. PI. 632. 1753. A low glabrous perennial herb, the stem simple or branched, the lower leaves reduced to opposite scales, the upper foliaceous, subtending the racemose-spicate or thyrsoid white or purplish flowers. Calyx of 2 spatulate sepals. Corolla oblong-campanulate, 4-cleft, the lobes imbricated, at least in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted in the sinuses of the corolla; fila- i6 GEXTIAXACEAE. VOL. III. ments slightly longer than the ovate sagittate anthers. Ovary i-celled, with 4 internal placental projections; ovules numerous; style distinct; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule ovoid, 2-valved or irregularly bursting. Seeds minute, covering the whole interior of the capsule. [Greek, obolus, a coin, alluding to the thick round leaves.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Obolaria virginica L. Pennywort. Fig. 3366. Obolaria virginica L. Sp. PI. 632. 1753. Stems 3'-6' high from a perennial base with thick fibrous roots, bearing 2-6 pairs of thick small obtuse scales in place of leaves. Floral leaves broadly obovate-cuneate, obtuse, purplish, 4"-6" long; flowers sessile or nearly so in the axils, in clusters of 1-4 (usually 3), and terminal; corolla about 5" long, cleft to about the middle, the lobes oblong, obtuse, entire, or denticulate; stamens included; capsule 2$" long. In rich woods and thickets. New Jersey to Georgia, west to Illinois and Texas. Ascends to 2600 ft. in Virginia. April-May. 10. BARTONIA Muhl. ; Willd. Xeue Schrift. Gcs. Xat. Fr. Berlin 3 : 444. 1801. Slender or filiform erect glabrous annual or biennial herbs, the leaves reduced to minute opposite subulate scales, or some of them alternate, and white purplish or yellowish racemose or paniculate flowers, or these rarely solitary and terminal. Calyx deeply 4-parted, the seg- ments lanceolate, acuminate, keeled. Corolla campanulate, deeply 4-cleft, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted at the sinuses of corolla; filaments slender, longer than the ovate sagittate anthers. Ovary i-celled, the placentae intruded ; ovules numerous ; style very short or none; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid-oblong, compressed, acute, 2-valved. Seeds minute, covering the whole inner surface of the capsule. [In honor of Professor Benjamin Smith Barton, 1766-1815, of Philadelphia.] Four species, natives of eastern North America. Type species : Bartonia tenella Willd. Corolla yellowish, i l / 2 "-2" long. Corolla-lobes oblong, abruptly tipped, erose. Corolla-lobes lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire. Corolla white, 3"-4" long, its lobes spatulate. 1. B. virginica. 2. B. paniculata. 3. B. verna. i. Bartonia virginica (L.) B.S.P. Yellow Bartonia. Fig. 3367- Sagina virginica L. Sp. PI. 128. 1753. B. tenella Willd. Neue Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin 3: 445. 1801. Bartonia virginica B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 36. 1888. Stem rather stiff, almost filiform, 4'-is' high, simple, or with few erect branches above, 5-angled, yellowish green, sometimes twisted. Subulate scales i"-2" long, appressed, mostly opposite, the basal pairs close together, the upper dis- tant ; flowers mostly opposite ; pedicels ascending or erect, 2"-6" long; corolla greenish yellow or whitish, i}"-2" long, its lobes oblong, obtuse, denticulate or erose. somewhat ex- ceeding the calyx; stamens included; ovary 4-sided; stigma about i" long; capsule about \\" long. In moist soil. Nova Scotia to Florida, Michigan, Minnesota and Louisiana. Screw-stem. July-Sept. GENUS 10. GEXTIAN FAMILY. 2. Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Robin- son. Branched Bartonia. Fig. 3368. Centaurclla paniculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 98. 1803. ?C. Moseri Steud. & Hochst. ; Griseb. Gent. 308. 1839 B. paniculata Robinson, Rhodora 10 : 35. 1908. B. lanceolata Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 932. 1903. Slender, 8'-i6' high, mostly paniculately branch- ed above, the branches and scales mainly alter- nate, the slender pedicels spreading or ascending. Corolla yellowish-white or greenish, about twice as long as the calyx, its lanceolate acute or acumi- nate lobes i"-ii" long; anthers yellow. In wet soil, Massachusetts to Florida, Arkansas and Louisiana. Aug.-Oct. Bartonia iodandra Robinson, of bogs in Newfound- land and Nova Scotia, has larger purplish flowers with broader ovate-lanceolate corolla-lobes and pur- ple-brown anthers. White Bartonia. 3. Bartonia verna (Michx.) Muhl. Fig. 3369- Centaurella verna Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 97. pi. 12. f. i. Bartonia verna Muhl. Cat. 16. 1813. 1803. Stem thicker and less rigid than that of the two preceding species, usually simple, 2'-! 5' high, racemosely or corymbosely i-several-flowered. Bracts distant, appressed, some of them commonly alternate ; flowers solitary at the ends of the elon- gated erect peduncles, 3 "-4" long; peduncles sometimes 2' long; corolla white, its lobes spatulate or obovate, obtuse, denticulate or entire, about 3 times the length of the calyx; ovary compressed; capsule about 2i" high. In moist sand, southern Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. March-May. Family 16. MENYANTHACEAE G. Don, Card. Diet. 4: 167. 1837. BUCKBEAN FAMILY. Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs, with basal or alternate entire crenate or 3-foliolate leaves, and clustered regular perfect flowers. Calyx inferior, deeply 5-parted, persistent. Corolla funnelform to rotate, 5-lobed or 5-cleft, the lobes indtiplicate-valvate, at least in the bud. Stamens 5, borne on the corolla, and alternate with its lobes ; filaments mostly short ; anther-sacs longitudinally dehis- cent ; pollen-grains 3-angled. Ovary i-celled, the 2 placentae sometimes intruded ; style long, short or none. Fruit a capsule, or indehiscent. Five genera and about 35 species, widely distributed. Leaves 3-foliolate ; swamp plant. i. Menyanthes. Leaves simple, entire, cordate, floating. 2. Nymphoidcs. i. MENYANTHES [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 145. 1753. A perennial glabrous marsh herb, with creeping rootstocks, alternate long-petioled 3-foliolate basal leaves, and white or purplish flowers, racemose or panicled on long lateral scapes or peduncles. Calyx 5-parted, the segments oblong or lanceolate. Corolla short- funnelform, 5-cleft, its lobes induplicate-valvate, fimbriate or bearded within, spreading. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments filiform; anthers sagittate. Disk of 5 hypogynous glands. Ovary i-celled ; style subulate, persistent ; stigma 2-lamellate. Cap- sule oval, indehiscent or finally rupturing. Seeds compressed-globose, shining. [Greek, per- haps month-flower, name used by Theophrastus.] A monotypic genus of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere. MENYANTHACEAE. VOL. III. i. Menyanthes trifoliata L. Buckbean. Marsh or Bean Trefoil. Bog-bean or -myrtle. Fig. 3370. Menyanthes trifoliata L. Sp. PI. US. 1753- Rootstock thick, scaly, sometimes i long, mark- ed by the scars of bases of former petioles. Leaves 3-foliolate; petioles sheathing at the base, 2-10' long; leaflets oblong or obovate, entire, obtuse at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, pinnately veined, ii'~3' long; raceme borne on a long scape-like naked peduncle, arising from the root- stock, io-20-flowered ; pedicels stout, 3"-i2" long, bracteolate at the base; flowers 5"-6" long; calyx shorter than the white or purplish corolla, which is bearded with white hairs within ; stamens shorter than the corolla and style exserted, or longer and style nearly included; capsule ovoid, obtuse, about 4" long. In bogs, Greenland to Alaska, south to Long Island, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Nebraska and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Water- or bitter trefoil. Water-shamrock. Moon-flower. Marsh-clover. Bitter worm. Bog-nut. Brook-bean. May-July. 2. NYMPHOIDES Hill, Brit. Herb. 77. 1756. [LIMNANTHEMUM S. G. Gmelin, Nov. Act. Acad. Petrop. 14: 527. pi. 17. f. 2. 1/69.] Aquatic perennial herbs, with slender rootstocks. Leaves floating, petioled, ovate or orbicular, deeply cordate, entire or repand, or the primary ones different; flowers yello'w or white, polygamous, umbellate at the summit of filiform stems at the bases of the petioles, or axillary, often accompanied by a cluster of thick elongated root-like tubers. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly rotate, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes indupl'cate-valvate in the bud, sometimes fimbriate on the margins, glandular at the base. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla ; filaments short ; anthers sagittate, versatile. Ovary i-celled ; style short or none ; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule ovoid or oblong, indehiscent or irregularly bursting. Seeds numerous or few, smooth or rough. [Greek, like Nymphaea.] About 20 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. The following are the only ones known to occur in North America. Type species : Nymphoides flava Hill. Flowers white, accompanied by tufts of root-like tubers ; native species. Floating leaves i'-2 f long; flowers 3"-6" broad ; seeds smooth. i. N. lacunosum. Floating leaves z'-6' long ; flowers 6"-io" broad ; seeds rough. 2. N. aquaticum. Flowers not accompanied by tufts of tubers; corolla bright yellow, i' broad or more; introduced species. 3. N. nymphacoides. i. Nymphoides lacunosum (Vent.) Kuntze. Floating Heart. Fig. 3371. Villarsia lacunosa Vent. Choix des Plantes, 9. 1803. Limnanthemitm lacunosum Griseb. Gent. 347. 1839. Nymphoides lacunosum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 429. 1891. Rootstock buried in the mud, the roots long and fibrous. Primary leaves membranous, submerged, short- petioled; stems (stolons) filiform, greatly elongated, sometimes 10 long, bearing a short-petioled floating leaf, an umbel of flowers and a cluster of narrow tubers at its summit, or some of the floating leaves on petioles as long as the stems ; floating leaves ovate-orbicular, purplish beneath, i'-2' long, the basal sinus narrow or broad; pedicels slender: tubers linear-conic, \'-\' long; flowers nearly white, 3"-6" broad; style none; capsule ovoid, covered by the connivent calyx-segments; seeds numerous, smooth. In ponds. Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Ontario, Min- nesota and Louisiana. July-Aug. GENUS 2. BUCKBEAN FAMILY. 2. Nymphoides aquaticum (Walt.) Kuntze. Larger Floating Heart. Fig. 3372. Anonymos aqiiatica Walt. Fl. Car. 109. 1788. Villarsia aqiiatica Gmel. Syst. i : 447. 1791. Menyanthes trachysperma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 126. 1803. Liinnantheiiniin trachyspermum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 390. 1867. Limnanthemvm aquaticnm Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 9: 12. 1889. Nymphoides aquaticum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 429. 1891. Similar to the preceding species but stouter and larger. Floating leaves cordate-orbicular, thick, entire or repand, 2-6' long, spongy, and with the petioles and stolons densely covered with minute pits; primary leaves spatulate; pedicels slender, i'~3' long; tubers^ linear- oblong, thicker; corolla white, 6"-io" broad; style none ; seeds rough ; capsule longer than the calyx. In ponds, southern New Jersey and Delaware to Florida and Texas. May-Aug. 3. Nymphoides nymphaeoides (L.) Britton. Water Lily. Floating Heart. Fig. 3373. Menyanthes nymphaeoides L. Sp. PI. 145. 1753. Limnanthemum nymphaeoides Hoffm. & Link, Fl. Port, i : 344. 1809. Stems long, stout, creeping or buried in the mud, ascending to the surface of the water, branched, the upper nodes bearing a petioled leaf and a cluster of flowers, or the upper internodes very short and their leaves apparently opposite. Petioles stout, mostly longer than the ovate-orbicular firm blades, which are 2'-4' broad; pedicels stout, becoming 3'-6' long, not accompanied by tufts of tubers; flowers bright yellow, i in diameter, or more ; corolla segments short-fringed ; seeds with fimbriate margins. Naturalized in ponds, District of Columbia. Native of Europe and Asia. May-July. Family 17. APOCYNACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 299. 1836. DOGBANE FAMILY. Perennial herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical genera trees, mostly with an acrid milky juice, with simple opposite alternate or verticillate exstipulate leaves, and perfect regular 5-parted cymose solitary or paniculate flowers. Calyx infe- rior, persistent, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, its lobes convolute in the bud and often twisted. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat; anthers linear-oblong, or sagittate, 2-celled ; pollen-grains simple, often glutinous. Ovary superior, or its base adherent to the calyx, of 2 distinct carpels, or i-celled, with 2 parietal placentae, or 2-celled ; ovules few or numerous, anatropous or amphitropous ; style simple, or 2-divided ; stigma simple. Fruit usually of 2 follicles or drupes. Seeds often appendaged by a coma; endosperm fleshy, not copious; embryo straight; cotyledons flat or concave ; radicle terete, usually shorter than the cotyledons. About 130 genera and noo species, very widely distributed, mostly in tropical regions. Leaves alternate ; erect herbs. i. Amsonia. Leaves opposite ; vines or herbs. Flowers large, axillary, solitary. 2. Vinca. 20 APOCYXACEAE. VOL. III. Flowers small, cymose. Erect or diffuse herbs ; corolla campanulate. High-climbing vines ; corolla funnelform. 3. Apocynum. 4. Trachelospermiun. i. AMSONIA Walt. Fl. Car. 98. 1788. Perennial herbs, with alternate membranous leaves, and rather large blue or bluish flowers, in terminal thyrsoid or corymbose cymes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow, acuminate. Corolla mostly salverform, the tube cylindric, but somewhat dilated at the summit, villous within. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla, included; anthers ovate or oblong. Disk none. Ovary of 2 carpels, connected at the top by the filiform style ; ovules in 2 rows in each cavity, numerous ; stigma appendaged by a reflexed membrane. Fruit of 2 cylindric several-seeded follicles. Seeds cylindric or oblong, obliquely truncate at each end, not appendaged. [Named for Charles Amson of South Carolina.] About 8 species, natives of North America and eastern Asia. Besides the following, 5 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species: Amsonia Tabernaemontana Walt. ! Amsonia Amsonia (L.) Britton. Am- Tabernaemontana Amsonia L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 308. 1762. Amsonia Tabernaemontana Walt. Fl. Car. 98. 1788. A. salicifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 184. 1814. A. Amsonia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 262. 1894. Glabrous or nearly so, simple, or branched above, 2-4 high. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, entire, acuminate at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, sometimes pubescent beneath, 2'-4' long, i'-2' wide ; petioles 2"-4" long; flowers numerous ; pedicels bracteolate at the base ; calyx about i" long, its segments subulate ; corolla 6"-o." long, beaked by the convolute limb in the bud, its lobes linear and about as long as the tube ; follicles 2'-4' long, about 2" thick, attenuate at the apex, glabrous, divergent or ascending; seeds papillose. In moist soil. New Jersey to Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Consists of several races, differing in leaf-form. April-July. 2. VI'NCA L. Sp. PI. 209. 1753. Erect or trailing herbs, some species slightly woody, with opposite leaves, and large soli- tary blue pink or white axillary flowers. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow, acuminate. Corolla salverform. the tube cylindric, or expanded above, pubescent within, the lobes convo- lute, at least in the bud, oblique. Stamens included. Disk of 2 glands, alternate with the 2 carpels. Ovules several in each carpel; style filiform; stigma annular, its apex penicillate. Follicles 2, erect or spreading, cylindric, several-seeded. Seeds oblong-cylindric, truncate at each end, not appendaged. [The Latin name.] About 12 species, natives of the Old World. Typ< species : Vinca major L. i. Vinca minor L. Periwinkle. Myrtle. Fig- 3375- Vinca minor L. Sp. PI. 209. 1753. Perennial, trailing, glabrous ; stems 6'-2 long. Leaves oblong to ovate, entire, firm, green both sides, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, i'-2i' long, J'-l' wide; flowers not numerous, solitary in some of the axils, blue, 9"-is" broad; peduncles slender, i'-ii' long; calyx very deeply parted, the segments subu- late-lanceolate, glabrous, about ij' long; corolla- tube expanded above, as long as or slightly longer than the obovate, nearly truncate lobes ; anther- sacs with a broad connective; follicles few-seeded. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and woods. On- tario to Connecticut, southern New York and Geor- gia. Native of Europe. Leaves shining. Also called running myrtle or small periwinkle. Feb.-May. GENUS 3. DOGBANE FAMILY. 21 3. APOCYNUM L. Sp. PI. 213. 1753. Perennial branching herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and small white or pink flowers in terminal and sometimes axillary corymbed cymes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments acute. Corolla urceolate to campanulate, the tube bearing within 5 small appendages alternate with the stamens, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla ; anthers sagit- tate, connivent around the stigma and slightly adherent to it. Disk 5-lobed. Ovary of 2 carpels; ovules numerous in each carpel; stigma ovoid, obtuse, obscurely 2-lobed. Follicles slender, elongated, terete. Seeds numerous, small, tipped with a long coma. [Greek, dogbane.] About 1 1 species, of the north temperate zone, most abundant in North America. Type species : Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Corolla campanulate, not angled, 4"-4j4" long, pink, its lobes widely spreading or recurved. i. A. androsaemifolium. Corolla urceolate to short-tubular, or narrowly campanulate, angled, ij4 "-3J4" long, greenish, white, or faintly pink, its lobes a little spreading, or erect. Corolla narrowly campanulate, 2 J /2 "-3 l /2 " long, lobes nearly equal the tube. z, A. medium. Corolla urceolate to short-tubular, i l / 2 "-z" long, lobes much shorter than the tube. Calyx-lobes ovate, much shorter than the corolla tube. 3. A. Milleri. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, about as long as the corolla-tube. Leaves and cymes glabrous, or sparingly pubescent. Leaves all narrowed at the base and distinctly petioled ; flowers greenish ; plant rather bright green. 4. A. cannabinum. At least the lower leaves sessile, and mostly rounded or subcordate at the base ; plant pale glaucous green ; flowers white. 5. A. sibiricum. Leaves, cymes, and often the whole plant densely pubescent. 6. A. pubescens. I. Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading Dogbane. Fig. 3376. Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Sp. PI. 213. 1753. .Syst. Ed. 10, 946. 1759. A. diver gens Greene, Leaflets i : 56. 1904. Rootstock horizontal ; stem i-4 high ; branches broadly spreading, mostly glabrous. Leaves ovate or oval, acute or obtuse and mucronate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, glabrous above, pale and usually more or less pubescent beneath, 2'-4' long, i'-2\' wide; petioles 2"~4" long; cymes loose; pedicels 2"-^" long, subulate- bracted at the base ; flowers about 4" broad ; calyx- segments shorter than the tube of the pinkish corolla; corolla-lobes revolute; follicles about 4' long, narrowed at the apex. In fields and thickets, Anticosti to British Colum- bia, south to Georgia, Missouri, Nebraska and Ari- zona. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Honey-bloom. Bitter-root or -dogbane. Rheumatism-wood. Wild ipecac. Wandering milk-weed. Western wall-flower. Fly-trap. June-July. Linnaeus inadvertently failed to affix a binominal specific name in the first edition of his "Species Plantarum," but corrected this six years later. 2. Apocynum medium Greene. Intermediate Dogbane. Fig- 3377- Apocynum medium Greene, Pittonia 3: 29. 1897. Apocynum spcciosnm G. S. Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 13: 83. 1899. Rootstock horizontal ; stem stout, 4 high or less, the branches ascending, glabrous. Leaves oblong to oval or elliptic, mucronulate, ascending, 2i'~4' long, somewhat pubescent beneath ; petioles 2"_4" long; cymes terminal, compact; pedicels \\"-2\" long; flowers erect; calyx-segments ovate, about half as long as the 5-angled corolla-tube ; corolla white or pinkish, 2\"-$\" long, urceolate-campanulate, its lobes acutish, somewhat spreading, nearly as long as the tube; follicles $'-4' long. Fields and hillsides, Quebec to the District of Columbia, west to Iowa. June-Aug. 2 APOCYNACEAE. VOL. 111. 3. Apocynum Milleri Britton. Miller's Dogbane. Fig. 3378. Apocynum Milleri Britton, Manual 739. 1901. Stem slender, 3 high or less, the branches spreading. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 2i'-3i' long, pubescent beneath, the pubescent petioles ii"-3" long; cymes small, terminal or also in the upper axils, the pedicels \"-\\" long; flowers nearly erect; corolla pinkish, 2|"-3" long, its rounded segments spreading, much shorter than the tube, which is longer than the ovate calyx-segments; follicles about 4' long. Dry soil, New York to Maryland and the Dis- trict of Columbia. June-July. 4. Apocynum cannabinum L. Indian Hemp. Amy-root. Fig. 3379. Apocynum cannabinum L. Sp. PI. 213. 1753. A. cannabinum glaberrimum DC. Prodr. 8: 439. 1844. A. nemorale G. S. Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 13 : 87. 1899. Apocynum urceolifer G. S. Miller, loc. cit. Root deep, vertical, soon branching. Stem exten- sively branched, the branches erect or ascending, glabrous or nearly so, more or less glaucous. Leaves oblong, lanceolate-oblong or ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse and mucronate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, glabrous above, sometimes pu- bescent beneath, 2'-6' long, '-3' wide ; petioles i"-6" long, or sometimes none; cymes dense; pedicels short, bracteolate at the base; calyx-segments about as long as the tube of the greenish-white corolla ; corolla-lobes nearly erect; follicles similar to those of the preceding species. In fields and thickets, Connecticut to Wisconsin, Ala- bama, Tennessee, Missouri and Kansas, perhaps extend- ing farther north. Rheumatism-root. Wild cotton. 5. Apocynum sibiricum Jacq. Clasping- leaved Dogbane. Fig. 3380. A. sibiricum Jacq. Hort. Vind. 3: 37. pi. 66. 1776. A. hypericifolium Ait. Hort. Kew. i: 304. 1789. A. cannabinum var. hypericifolium A. Gray, Man. 365. 1848. Apocynum album Greene, Pittonia 3: 230. 1897. Glabrous, pale green, often glaucous ; stem I-2 high, the branches ascending. Leaves ob- long, oblong-lanceolate to oval, i'-3' long, i'-ii' wide, obtuse or acutish at the apex, cordate- clasping, rounded, truncate, or most of the upper narrowed at the base, short-petioled, or sessile, the primary venation forming broad angles with the midvein ; cymes many-flowered, dense to loose; pedicels mostly not longer than the flow- ers, bracteolate ; calyx-segments about as long as the corolla-tube, lanceolate, acute ; corolla-lobes nearly erect; follicles 2'~3i' long. Mostly along streams. Quebec to British Columbia, Long Island, Ohio, Kansas and New Mexico. St. John's-dogbane. June-Aug. UEXUS 3. DOGBANE FAMILY. 6. Apocynum pubescens R. Br. Velvet Dog- bane. Fig. 3381. A. pubescens R. Br. Mem. Wern. Soc. i : 68. 1811. Apocynum cannabinum var. pubescens A. DC. Prodr. 8 : 440. 1844. Whole plant, including the pedicels and calyx, densely velvety-pubescent, or the stem sometimes glabrate. Branches ascending; leaves oval to elliptic, obtuse or acute at the apex, strongly mucronate, obtuse or obtusish at the base, the veins impressed in the pubescence of the lower surface ; petioles i"-2" long; cymes dense; calyx-segments about as long as the tube of the corolla, lanceolate, acute; corolla- lobes erect; follicles about 4' long. In dry sandy soil, Ontario to Rhode Island, Maryland, Alabama, Iowa and Kansas. April-Aug. Perhaps a pu- bescent race of A. cannabinum L. 4. TRACHELOSPERMUM Lemaire, Jard. Fleur. i: pi. 61. 1851. Twining woody vines (some exotic species nearly erect shrubs), with opposite entire deciduous leaves, and small yellow greenish or white flowers in terminal and axillary com- pound cymes. Calyx small, deeply. 5-parted, glandular within, the segments narrow. Corolla funnelform or salverform, the tube nearly cylindric, expanded above, the lobes convolute, more or less twisted. Stamens included, or short exserted; anthers sagittate, acuminate, connivent around the stigma and slightly adherent to it. Disk of 5 glandular lobes. Ovary of 2 carpels; ovules numerous in each carpel; style slender, its apex thickened below the narrow ring of the ovoid stigma. Follicles much elongated, slender. Seeds linear or oblong, not beaked, long-comose at the apex. [Greek, neck-seed, but the seed is not beaked.] About 6 species, natives of eastern Asia and North America. Type species : Trachelospermum jasminoides Lemaire, of eastern Asia. The following is the only known North American species. i. Trachelospermum difforme (Walt.) A. Gray. Trachelospermum. Fig. 3382. Echites difformis Walt. Fl. Car. 98. 1788. Forsteronia difformis A. DC. Prodr. 8 : 437. 1844. T. difforme A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part i, 85. 1878. A high-climbing vine, the stems ' in diameter or more, the twigs pubescent or glabrous. Leaves thin, ovate, oval or lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed or rarely rounded at the base, iJ'-3' long, i'-2' wide ; petioles 2"-$" long ; peduncles slen- der, shorter than the leaves ; pedicels and branches of the cyme bracteolate at the base ; flowers yellow or cream-color, 4"-s" long; lobes of the corolla ovate, spreading, shorter than the tube ; follicles very slender, s'-o/ long, scarcely 2" thick; many-seeded. In moist woods and along streams, Delaware to Flor- ida, Texas and Mexico, mostly near the coast, north to Arkansas and Missouri. June-Aug. Family 18. ASCLEPIADACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 302. 1836.* MILKWEED FAMILY. Perennial herbs, vines or shrubs, mostly with milky juice, with opposite alter- nate or verticillate exstipulate leaves, and mostly umbellate perfect regular flowers. Calyx inferior, its tube very short, or none, its segments imbricated or separate in the bud. Corolla campanulate, urceolate, rotate or funnelform, 5~lobed or 5-cleft, the segments commonly reflexed, mostly valvate in the bud. A 5-lobed or 5-parted crown (corona) between the corolla and the stamens and adnate to one or the other. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla, usually near its base; fila- ments short, stout, mostly monadelphous, or distinct; anthers attached by their * Text revised for our first edition by Miss ANNA MURRAY VAIL, here somewhat modified. 24 ASCLEPIADACEAE. VOL. 111. bases to the filaments, introrsely 2-celled, connivent around the stigma, or more or less united with each other ; anther-sacs tipped with an inflexed or erect scarious membrane, or unappendaged at the top, sometimes appendaged at the base ; pollen coherent into waxy or granular masses, one or rarely two such masses in each sac, connected with the stigma in pairs or fours, by 5 glandular corpuscles alternate with the anthers. Disk none. Ovary of 2 carpels; styles 2, short, connected at the summit by the peltate discoid stigma; ovules numerous in each carpel, mostly anatropous, pendulous. Fruit of 2 several-many-seeded follicles. Seeds com- pressed, usually appendaged by ? long coma ; endosperm cartilaginous, mostly thin ; embryo nearly as long as the seed ; cotyledons flat. About 220 genera and 2000 species, of very wide geographic distribution, most abundant in tropical or warm-temperate regions. Erect or decumbent herbs. Corona-hoods each with an incurved horn within ; eaves mostly opposite. i. Asclepias. Corona-hoods prominently crested within ; leaves alternate. 2. Asclepiodora, Corona-hoods unappendaged or with a thickened crest-like keel. 3. Acerates. Twining vines. Corolla-lobes erect ; corona-lobes i-2-awned. 4. Gonolobus. Corolla rotate. Anthers tipped with a scarious membrane ; pollen-masses pendulous. 5. Cynanchum. Anthers merely tipped ; pollen-masses horizontal. 6. Vincetoxiciim. i. ASCLEPIAS L. Sp. PI. 214. 1753. Perennial erect or decumbent herbs, with opposite verticillate or rarely alternate entire leaves, and middle-sized or small flowers in terminal or axillary umbels. Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided, usually small, the segments or sepals acute, often glandular within. Corolla deeply 5-parted, the segments mostly valvate, reflexed in anthesis. Corona-column generally present. Corona of 5 concave erect or spreading hoods, each bearing within a slender or subulate incurved horn, either included or exserted. Filaments connate into a tube; anthers tipped with an inflexed membrane, winged, the wings broadened below the middle; pollen-masses solitary in each sac, pendulous on their caudicles. Stigma nearly flat, 5-angled or s-lobed. Follicles acuminate. Seeeds comose in all but one species. [Dedicated to Aesculapius.] About 95 species, mostly natives of the New World : besides the following, some 25 others occur in southern and western North America. Known as Milkweed, Silkweed, or Swallow-wort. Type species : Asclepias syrlaca L. * Corolla and corona orange; leaves alternate or opposite. Stem erect or ascending ; leaves nearly all alternate. i. A. tuberosa. Stems reclining ; leaves, at least the upper, opposite, oblong or oval. 2. A. decumbens. ** Corolla bright red or purple (sometimes greenish in A. rubra) leaves opposite. Flowers 4"-6" broad ; corona-hoods 2" -3" high. Leaves lanceolate or linear ; hoods oblong, obtuse. 3. A. lanceolata. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; hoods lanceolate. 4. A. rubra. Leaves oblong, ovate or ovate-oblong; hoods oblong, acutish. 5. A.purpurascens. Flowers 2" -3" broad ; corona-hoods i" i J4" high. Plant nearly or quite glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. 6. A. incarnata. Plant pubescent ; leaves oblong. 7. A. pulchra. *** Corolla greenish, purplish, yellowish or white; leaves opposite or verticillate. Leaves ovate, oblong, ovate-lanceolate, obovate or orbicular. Plants glabrous throughout, or minutely pubescent above. Leaves sessile, clasping or very short-petioled. Peduncles of the solitary or several umbels short. Leaves ovate-oblong ; hoods 2-auriculate at the base. 8. A. Sullivantii. Leaves nearly orbicular ; hoods truncate. 9. A. latifolia. Peduncle of the usually solitary umbel elongated. Leaves wavy-margined. Leaves cordate-clasping. 10. A. amplexicaulis. Leaves rounded at the base, short-petioled. n. A. intermedia. Leaves sessile, flat ; horn not exceeding the hood. 12. A.Meadii. Leaves manifestly petioled. Corolla greenish; umbels loose, the pedicels drooping. 13. A.exaltata. Corolla white; umbels dense. 14- A.variegata. Corolla pink; some of the leaves verticillate in 4's. 15- A. quadrifolia. Plants, at least the lower surfaces of the leaves, canescent or tomentose. Follicles tomentose, covered with soft spinose processes. Corona-hoods obtuse, short. 16. A.syriaca. Corona-hoods elongated, lanceolate. J7 A.speciosa. Follicles with no spinose processes, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves wavy-margined; corolla-segments 4"-s" long. 18. A.arenaria. Leaves flat; corolla-segments 2" -3" long. 19- A.ovahfolia. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or linear. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. Leaves thick, short-petioled; inflorescence woolly. 20. A. brachy Stephana. Leaves thin, slender-petioled ; inflorescence downy. 21. A.pcrennis. GENUS I. MILKWEED FAMILY. Leaves mostly verticillate in 3's-6's, narrowly linear. Hoods entire. Hoods dorsally hastate-sagittate. Leaves scattered, densely crowded, filiform-linear. i. Asclepias tuberosa L. Butterfly-weed or -flower. Pleurisy-root. Fig. 3383. Asclepias tuberosa L. Sp. PI. 217. 1753. Hirsute-pubescent ; stems stout, simple, or branched near the summit, ascending or erect, very leafy, i-2 high, the milky sap scanty. Leaves alternate, lanceolate or oblong, acute or sometimes obtuse at the apex, narrowed, rounded or cordate at the base, sessile or short-petioled, 2'-6' long, 2"-i2" wide ; umbels cymose, terminal, many-flowered ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; pedicels \'-\ long; corolla-segments about 3" long, greenish orange ; corona-column about \" long; hoods erect, oblong, bright orange, or yel- low, 2-3 times as long as the stamens, longer than the filiform horns; fruiting pedicels decurved; follicles nearly erect, finely pubescent, 4'-$' long. In dry fields, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida, Texas, Chihuahua and Arizona. Consists of numerous races, differing in shape and size of the leaves and color of the flowers. June-Sept. Wind- or orange-root. Canada-, flux-, tuber- or white-root. Orange swallow-wort. Yellow milkweed. Indian-posy. 22. A. verticillata. 23. A.galioides. 24. A. pumila. 2. Asclepias decumbens L. Decumbent Butterfly-weed. Fig. 3384. Asclepias decumbens L. Sp. PI. 216. 1753. Hirsute-pubescent ; stems decumbent, 2-3 long, the ends ascending or erect. Leaves sessile or short-petioled, oblong or elliptic, obtuse at the apex, narrowed and often inequilateral at the base, I '-3' long, \'-2\' wide, the upper opposite, the lower commonly alternate, the uppermost very small; umbels several or numerous, many- flowered, racemose along the branches, one usually in each of the upper axils; peduncles stout, short; pedicels slender, pubescent, about i' long; corolla-segments oblong, acutish, dark orange, about 3" long; column about \" high, the hoods erect, oblong, orange, longer than the subulate horn ; follicles slender. In dry fields, Illinois and Ohio to North Carolina and Florida. Creeping milkweed. June-Aug. 3. Asclepias lanceolata Walt. Few-flowered Milkweed. Fig. 3385. Asclepias lanceolata Walt. Fl. Car. 105. 1788. A. paiipercula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 118. 1803. Glabrous ; stem slender, usually simple, naked above, 2-4 high. Leaves opposite, distant, linear or narrowly lanceolate, elongated, acuminate, nar- rowed at the base, short-petioled, 4'-io' long, 2"-?" wide, roughish on the margins, the primary nerves widely spreading; umbels few-flowered, solitary or 2-4 at the summit; peduncles about equalling the slender puberulent pedicels ; corolla-segments oblong, 4"-5" long, deep red; column thick, about i" high; hoods obovate or oblong, obtuse, orange, 2-toothed near the base, nearly twice the length of the anthers and longer than the subulate incurved horn ; fruit- ing pedicels decurved ; follicles erect, minutely puberulent, fusiform, about 4' long. In swamps, southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast. June-Aug. ASCLEPIADACEAE. VOL. III. 4. Asclepias rubra L. Red Milkweed. Fig. 3386. Asclepias rubra L. Sp. PI. 217. 1753. Nearly glabrous throughout ; stem usually sim- ple, i-4 high. Leaves opposite, rather distant, short-petioled, ovate, lanceolate or the lower some- times oblong, rounded or subcordate at the base, gradually acuminate, rather firm, 3'-8' long, i'-2J' wide, the primary nerves wide-spreading; umbels 1-4, many-flowered; peduncles shorter than or equalling the upper leaves; pedicels slender, downy, \'-\ long; corolla-segments and hoods lanceolate- oblong, purplish red, or the hoods orange-red, 3"-4" long, or flowers sometimes greenish ; horns of the hoods very slender, nearly straight; fruiting pedicels deflexed, the follicles erect, spindle-shaped, glabrous, about 4' long. In moist soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Flor- ida, Missouri, Louisiana and Texas. June-July. 5. Asclepias purpurascens L. Purple Milkweed. Fig. 3387. Asclepias purpurascens L. Sp. PI. 214. 1753. ^Asclepias amoena L. Sp. PI. 214. 1753. Stem stout, puberulent or glabrous, usually sim- ple, 2-4 high, leafy to the top. Leaves ovate, elliptic or oblong, short-petioled, acute or obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed or round- ed at the base, nearly glabrous above, finely tomentose beneath, 3'-o long, ii'-3' wide, the primary nerves very wide-spreading; umbels many-flowered, borne in several of the upper axils, or sometimes solitary; peduncles stout; pedicels slender, puberulent, i'-ii' long; corolla deep purple, its segments oblong to oblong-lan- ceolate, about 3" long; column very short and thick ; hoods oblong or ovate, nearly twice as long as the anthers, pale red or purple, the horns broad at the insertion, short-subulate and incurved at the apex ; fruiting pedicels deflexed, the downy follicles nearly erect, 4'-$' long. In dry fields and thickets, New Hampshire to North Carolina, west to southern Ontario, Minne- sota and Arkansas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the Cats- kills. June-Aug. 6. Asclepias incarnata L. Swamp Milk- weed. Fig. 3388. Asclepias incarnata L. Sp. PI. 215. 1753. Stem slender, glabrous, or puberulent in 2 lines above, branched or rarely simple, 2-4 high, leafy to the top. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed, ob- tuse or sometimes subcordate at the base, 3 '-6' long, |'-ii' wide, the primary nerves not wide- spreading; petioles 3"-6" long; umbels usually numerous, corymbed, many-flowered ; pedicels pubescent, 5"-io" long; corolla red or rose- purple, rarely white, its lobes oblong, about 2" long; column more than one-half as long as the obtuse pink or purplish hoods; horns slender, in- curved, longer than the hoods ; anther-wings en- tire, or obscurely notched at the base; fruiting pedicels erect or incurved ; follicles erect, 2'-3i' long, sparingly puberulent. In swamps, New Brunswick to Ontario, Saskatch- ewan, Tennessee, Louisiana and Colorado. Ascends to 3000 ft. in West Virginia. Rose- or swamp-silk- weed. Water nerve-root. White Indian-hemp. July- Sept. CENUS I. MILKWEED FAMILY. 27 7. Asclepias pulchra Ehrh. Hairy Milk- weed. Fig. 3389. Asclepias pulchra Ehrh.; Willd. Sp. PI. i : 1267. 1798. A. incarnata var. pulchra Pers. Syn. i : 276. 1805. Similar to the preceding species and perhaps hy- bridizing with it where the two grow together ; stem stout, tomentose-pubescent, usually branched, 2-3i high, leafy to the top. Leaves broadly lan- ceolate, acute, acuminate or some of them obtusish at the apex, subcordate, rounded, or the upper nar- rowed at the base, puberulent or glabrous above, pubescent, at least on the veins beneath, 3' -5' long, i'-2' wide ; petioles usually stout and short ; flowers similar to those of A. incarnata, but the corolla commonly lighter red or pink, rarely white; pedun- cles and pedicels tomentose; fruiting pedicels erect or incurved; follicles erect, densely pubescent, 2'-3' long. In moist fields and swamps, Nova Scotia to Minne- sota, south to Georgia. White Indian-hemp. July-Sept. 8. Asclepias Sullivantii Engelm. Sulli- vant's Milkweed. Fig. 3390. A. Sullivantii Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. 366. 1848. Glabrous throughout ; stem stout, simple or sometimes branched above, 2-4 high, leafy to the top. Leaves thick, sessile, or on petioles less than i" long, oblong or ovate-oblong, usually obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, subcordate, rounded or slightly clasping at the base, 4'-6' long, iJ'-3' wide, the primary nerves very wide- spreading; umbels terminal and sometimes also in the upper axils, many-flowered; peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla-segments oval- oblong, s"-6" long, purplish ; column very short and thick; hoods oval, obtuse or truncate, gib- bous at each side near the base, longer than the anthers and the subulate incurved horn ; follicles erect, glabrous, 3'~4' long, usually with blunt processes near the apex. In moist soil, southern Ontario to Ohio, Minne- sota, Nebraska, Missouri and Kansas. July-Sept. 9. Asclepias latifolia (Torr.) Raf. Broad-leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3391. Asclepias obtusifolia var. latifolia Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 117. 1826. Asclepias latifolia Raf. Atl. Journ. 146. 1832-33. A. Jamesii Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 162. 1859. Minutely puberulent wnen young, glabrous when old ; stem stout, usually simple, l-22 high, very leafy. Leaves very thick, oval to orbicular, sessile or nearly so, commonly broadly emarginate and mucronulate at the apex and cordate or subcordate at the base, 4'-6' long and nearly as wide, primary nerves very wide-spreading; umbels 2-4, many- flowered, short-peduncled in the upper axils or rarely terminal; pedicels slender, canescent, nearly i' long; corolla-segments ovate, acute, 4"-6" long, greenish ; column short and thick; hoods truncate, about equal- ling the anthers, the horn projecting from a short crest over the edge of the stigma ; follicles erect on deflexed pedicels, ovoid, acutish, 2'-3' long, about i' thick. On dry plains, Nebraska to Colorado, Texas and Ari- zona. July-Sept. 28 ASCLEPIADACEAE. VOL. III. 10. Asclepias amplexicaulis J. E. Smith. Blunt-leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3392. A. amplexicaulis J. E. Smith, Georgia Insects 1:13. pi. 7- 1797- A. obtusifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 115. 1803. Nearly glabrous, pale green, somewhat glau- cous ; stem stout, erect or ascending, 2-3 high. Leaves sessile, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, cordate-clasping at the base, $'-5' long, l' if' wide, margins wavy- crisped; umbels many-flowered, usually solitary on the long terminal peduncle, rarely with a second shorter-peduncled one at its base ; pedi- cels slender, downy, about i' long; corolla-seg- ments oblong, greenish-purple, about 4" long; column thick; hoods pink, nearly truncate and toothed at the summit, shorter than the subulate incurved horn, longer than the anthers; follicles erect on the stout decurved fruiting pedicels, downy, 4'-6' long. In dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, New Hamp- shire to Florida, northern New York, Minnesota, Nebraska and Texas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Vir- ginia. May-Aug. A. Bicknellii Vail, Bull. Torn Club 31: 458, is ap- parently a hybrid between A. amplexicaulis J. E. Smith and A. exaltata (L.) Muhl. ii. Asclepias intermedia Vail. Intermediate Milkweed. Fig. 3393. A. intermedia Vail, Bull. Torr. Club 31: 459. 1904. Stem erect, glabrous, purplish, not glaucous, about l high. Leaves oblong-elliptic, glabrous above, mi- nutely pubescent beneath, 6' long or less, obtuse at both ends or the upper subcordate at the base, the petioles very short; umbels 2 or more, terminal, pe- duncled, the peduncles and slender pedicels pubes- cent ; corolla green-purple, its oblong-lanceolate seg- ments 3"-4" long, the erect hoods ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, about 3" long, pink-purple, with a darker stripe on the back, the margins with an erect tooth above the middle, the horn slender. Lawrence, Long Island. Possibly a hybrid between A. syriaca and A. amplexicaulis. 12. Asclepias Meadii Torr. Mead's Milkweed. Fig- 3394- A. Meadii Torr. ; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, Add. 704. 1856. Nearly glabrous throughout, pale green or glaucous; stem simple, or rarely branched above, i-2 high. Leaves opposite, sessile, flat, mostly distant, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate or the lower oblong, acute or sometimes obtuse at the apex, the margins scabrous ; umbel solitary, terminal, several-flowered, borne on a peduncle 3'-6' long; corolla-segments greenish, ovate, acute, 3"-4" long; column very short, thicker than high; hoods ovate, purplish, nearly twice as long as the anthers, rounded and truncate at the summit, longer than the subulate inflexed horn, with a small tooth at each side on the inner infolded margin; folli- cles erect on decurved pedicels, minutely puberulent, narrow, 4'-5' long. In dry soil, Illinois to Iowa and Wisconsin. June-Aug. GENUS i. MILKWEED FAMILY. 29 13. Asclepias exaltata (L.) Muhl. Poke or Tall Milkweed. Fig. 3395. A. Syriaca var. e.val'ata L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 313. 1762. Asclepias exaltata Muhl. Cat. 28. 1813. A. phytolaccoid.es Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 180. 1814. Nearly glabrous throughout, with two opposite lines of pubescence on the usually simple stem, 3-6 high. Leaves opposite, thin or membranous, oval, ovate or oblong, acuminate at both ends, 4'-o/ long, ij'~4' wide, the lower sometimes obovate, obtuse, shorter; petioles i'-i' long; peduncles i'-3' long; umbels usually several ; pedicels slender, drooping or spreading, i'-2' long, puberulent ; corolla green- purple, the segments ovate or oblong, obtusish, 3"-4" long; column short; hoods white or pink, slightly shorter than the anthers, much shorter than the subulate horn, at the summit truncate and entire or erose, with i or 2 slender teeth on each of the inner margins ; follicles erect on the deflexed pedi- cels, downy, long-acuminate, 4'-6' long. In thickets and woods, Maine to Minnesota, Georgia, Missouri and Arkansas. Ascends to 5500 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug. 14. Asclepias variegata L. White Milk-weed. Fig. 3396. Asclepias variegata L. Sp. PI. 217. 1753. Stem glabrous below, pubescent above when young, simple, i -3 high. Leaves opposite, thick, oval, ovate, oblong or the lower somewhat obo- vate, obtuse and cuspidate or acutish at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, dark green above, pale beneath, 3'-6' long, i'-3' wide, the middle ones sometimes verticillate in 4's ; petioles 3"-i2" long; umbels 1-4, terminal, or rarely i or 2 in the upper axils, densely many-flowered ; pe- duncles i '-2' long; pedicels i'-ii' long, erect or ascending, usually densely puberulent; corolla- segments ovate or oval, about 3" long, white, or purple near the base ; column very short and thick, purplish ; hoods globose-obovoid, obtuse, spreading, longer than the anthers, about equal- ling the semi-lunate horizontally pointed horn; follicles downy, erect on the deflexed fruiting pedicels, 4'-$' long. In dry woods or thickets, Connecticut (?), south- ern New York to Illinois, Arkansas, Florida and Texas. June-July. 15. Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. Four- leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3397. A. quadrifolia Jacq. Obs. Part 2. 8. pi. 33. 1767. Stem slender, simple, i-2 high, usually leaf- less below. Leaves thin, sparingly pubescent on the veins beneath, ovate to lanceolate, 2'-6' long, \'-2\' wide, acute or acuminate, narrowed or rounded at the base, or the lowest pair much smaller, obovate and obtuse, the upper and lower opposite, the middle ones usually verticillate in 4's ; umbels 1-4, terminal, or rarely in the upper axils; peduncles slender, \'-2\' long; pedicels about i' long; corolla pink or nearly white, its lobes lanceolate-oblong, 2 "-3" long ; column short ; hoods white, obtuse at the apex, broadly 2-toothed above the base, twice as long as the anthers and the short incurved horn ; follicles erect on the erect fruiting pedicels, 3'-$' long, glabrous. Woods and thickets, Maine and Ontario to Minne- sota, Alabama and Arkansas. May-July. ASCLEPIADACEAE. VOL. III. 1 6. Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milk- weed. Silkweed. Fig. 3398. Asclepias syriaca L. Sp. PI. 214. 1753. Asclepias Cornuti Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8: 564. 1844. Stem stout, usually simple, 3-S high, finely pubescent at least above. Leaves oblong, oval or ovate, finely and densely pubescent beneath, soon glabrous above, acute or obtuse and cuspidate at the apex, obtuse, narrowed or subcordate at the base, 4'-*)' long, 2,'-^' wide, the primary nerves wide-spreading; petioles stout, 3"-8' long; umbels several or numerous; peduncles pubescent or tomen- tose, li'-Sa' long; pedicels i'-2' long; corolla green- purple or greenish-white, its segments oblong-lan- ceolate, 3 "-4" long; column short and thick, the hoods ovate-lanceolate with a tooth on each side, longer than the anthers and the incurved horn ; fol- licles 3'-5' long, erect on recurved pedicels, tomen- tose and covered with short soft processes. In fields and waste' places, New Brunswick to Sas- katchewan, North Carolina and Kansas. Leaves rarely lanceolate. Silky swallow-wort. Virginia silk. Wild cotton. June-Aug. Asclepias kansana Vail, of Kansas, differs by erect-spreading hoods of the corolla and more densely tomentose follicles. 17. Asclepias speciosa Torr. Showy Milk- weed. Fig. 3399. Asclepias speciosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 218. 1826. A. Douglasii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 53. pi. 152. 1834. White-tomentose or canescent all over, or gla- brate below, pale; stem simple, stout, i-2i high. Leaves thick, broadly ovate or oval, obtuse and cus- pidate or acute at the apex, subcordate, rounded or narrowed at the base, petioled, 3'-8' long, 2.'-^ wide ; peduncles i'~3' long; umbels several or rarely soli- tary, many-flowered; pedicels stout, Q"-i8" long; corolla purple-green, its segments oblong or ovate- oblong, 4"-6" long, tomentose on the outer face ; column very short or none ; hoods lanceolate, S"~7" long, obtusish, expanded and with 2 blunt teeth be- low, the apex ligulate, 5-7 times as long as the anthers; horn short, inflexed; follicles erect or spreading on the recurved fruiting pedicels, 3 '-4' long, densely woolly and covered with soft spinose processes. In moist soil, Minnesota to British Columbia, south to Kansas. Utah and California. May-July. 18. Asclepias arenaria Torr. Sand Milk- weed. Fig. 3400. A. arenaria Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 162. 1859. Densely tomentose-canescent all over, stems simple, ascending or erect, stout, i-2 high. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-margined, thick, obtuse or retuse and cuspidate at the apex, trun- cate, subcordate, obtuse, or rarely some of them narrowed at the base, 2'-4' long, ii'-3' wide, the angle of the primary nervation broad ; umbels densely many-flowered, short-peduncled or ses- sile ; corolla greenish-white, its segments oval- oblong, 4"-s" long; column i"-2" high; hoods oblong, truncate at each end., oblique at the apex, longer than the anthers, with a broad tooth on each side within; horn semi-lunate with an ab- ruptly incurved subulate apex ; follicles puberu- lent, 4'-$' long, erect on the decurved fruiting pedicels. On sand-bars and hills along rivers, Nebraska and Colorado to Mexico and New Mexico. June-Sept. GENUS i. MILKWEED FAMILY. 19. Asclepias ovalifolia Dec. Oval-leaved or Dwarf Milkweed. Fig. 3401. Asclepias ovalifolia Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8 : 567. 1844. Finely tomentose all over ; stem simple, usually slender, erect, io'-2 high. Leaves oval, ovate, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, 2'-$' long, 4'-ii' wide, short-petioled, the upper surfaces becoming glabrate at maturity; umbels solitary or few, several-many-flowered ; peduncles short; corolla greenish-white or pur- plish, its segments ovate-oblong, obtuse, 2" -3" long ; column very short ; hoods oval-oblong, yel- lowish, nearly twice as long as the anthers, bear- ing a large acute tooth on each of the inner "mar- gins ; horn subulate, incurved over the stigma ; follicles ascending on the reflexed fruiting pedi- cels, pubescent. In woods and on prairies, Illinois to North Dakota, \Visconsin, Manitoba and Athabasca. June-July. 20. Asclepias brachystephana Engelm. Short-crowned Milkweed. Fig. 3402. Asclepias brachystephana Engelm. ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 163. 1859. Puberulent when young, soon glabrate ; stems clustered, often branched, spreading or ascend- ing, 6' -i 2' long. Leaves mostly opposite, lanceo- late or linear-lanceolate, thick, long-acuminate at the apex, rounded, subcordate or narrowed at the base, 2'-5' long, 2 "-6" wide, or the lowest shorter ; petioles I "-4" long; umbels several, terminal and axillary, few-flowered; peduncles short; pedicels densely woolly, equalling or longer than the pe- duncles; corolla greenish-purple, its segments about 2" long; column very short or none; hoods ovate, obtuse, shorter than the anthers, the short erect-incurved horn slightly exserted; follicles erect on the spreading or decurved fruiting pedi- cels, downy or hoary, acuminate, 2'-$' long. In dry soil, Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth), Wyoming to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. June-Aug. 21. Asclepias perennis Walt. Thin-leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3403. Asclepias perennis Walt. Fl. Car. 107. 1788. Puberulent above, glabrous below ; stem slen- der, simple or branched, erect, i -3 high. Leaves thin, opposite, lanceolate, oblong or ovate-lanceo- late, slender-petioled, acuminate or acute at both ends, 2'-6' long, \'-\' wide, nearly glabrous; um- bels solitary or several and corymbose ; peduncles i '-2' long; pedicels slender, i'-i' long; flowers small, white; corolla-segments oblong, i"-2" long; column about \" h ; gh ; hoods oval, erect, entire, about as long as the anthers, shorter than the subulate-filiform incurved horn ; follicles gla- brous, erect on the nearly erect fruiting pedicels ; seeds 5"-6" long, 3*"-4i ' wide, thin, usually with- out coma. On river-shores and in wet places, North Carolina to Indiana, Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. May-Aug. ASCLEPIADACEAE. VOL. III. 22. Asclepias verticillata L. Whorled Milk- weed. Fig. 3404. Asclepias verticillata L. Sp. PI. 217. 1753. . Roots slender, fascicled ; stem slender, simple or branched, pubescent in lines above, leafy, \-2\ high. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, verticillate in 3's~7's or some of them alternate, glabrous or very nearly so, their margins narrowly revolute ; umbels numerous, many-flowered; peduncles slender, i'-ii' long; pedicels almost filiform, shorter than the pe- duncles; corolla greenish white, its segments oblong, \\"-2" long; column about \" high; hoods white, oval, entire, about equalling the anthers, much shorter than the subulate incurved horn-; follicles erect on the erect fruiting pedicels, narrowly spindle- shaped, glabrous, 2'-$' long. In dry fields and on hills, Maine and southern On- tario to Saskatchewan, south to Florida, Mexico and ^ New Mexico. July-Sept. 23. Asclepias galioides H.B.K. Bedstraw Milk- weed. Fig. 3405. Asclepias galioides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 3 : 188. 1818. Glabrous, except the minutely pubescent stems and pedi- cels. Stems erect, i high or more, from a horizontal root- stock; leaves erect or spreading, in'vTc'ls of 2-6, narrbwl; linear, 2'-$ long, the margins revolutt ; peduncles longer than the pedicels and shorter than the leaves ; umbels 9"-i3" in diameter ; flowers greenish-white ; corolla-seg- ments 2" long; hoods as high as the anthers, broadly rounded at the summit, dorsally hastate-sagittate, the ven- tral margins slightly involute, entire; horn arising from the base of the hood, long-exserted over the anthers ; anther-wings minutely notched at the base; follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels, attenuated, 2'-2\' long, glabrous or minutely puberulent. Kansas to Colorado, Arizona and Mexico.. May-July. ' ,. 24. Asclepias pumila (A. Gra>; Vail. Low Milkweed. Fig. 3406. Asclepias pumila Vail ; Britton & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 : 12. 1898. Asclepias verticillata var. pumila A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 71. 1876. Stems 4'-io' high, tufted from a we dy root. Leaves very numerous, crowded, sometimes ob- scurely whorled, filiform-linear, i'--'. long, smooth or minutely roughened, the margins rev- olute; umbels 2-several, short-peduncled, few- flowered; pedicels filiform, puberulent, . 3"-4" long; corolla greenish white, its segments ob- long, i$"-2" long; column short; hoods white, erect, oblong, entire, equalling the .anthers, shorter than the slender incurved horn ; follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels, narrowly spindle- shaped, -iiT-3' long, finely puberulent. Dry plains, Iowa to South Dakota. Arkansas, Texas, Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico. GENUS 2. .MILKWEED FAMILY. 33 2. ASCLEPIODORA A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12 : 66. 1876. Erect or decumbent perennial herbs, similar to Asdepias, with alternate or opposite entire leaves, and rather large flowers in terminal solitary or corymbed umbels. Sepals lan- ceolate. Corolla rotate, its segments spreading. Hoods oblong, inserted over the whole of the very short corona-column, curved upward, obtuse, crested within, at least in the upper part, slightly longer than the anther ; at the sinuses between the hoods a small lobe or appendage, alternate with the anther-wings, simulating an inner crown. Anthers tipped with a scarious membrane, their wings horny, narrowed below, sometimes angled above the middle. Pollen-masses pendulous, pyriform, longer than their caudicles. Follicles ovoid or oblong, acuminate, with or without soft spinose processes, erect or ascending on the decurved or twice bent fruiting pedicels. Seeds comose. [Greek, gift of Aesculapius.] Five or six species, natives of the southern United States and Mexico. Type species : Asclepio- dora viridis (Walt.) A. Gray. Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate ; umbels corymbose. i. A. viridis. Stem rough-puberulent ; leaves lanceolate or linear, acuminate; umbels solitary. 2. A. decumbens, i. Asclepiodora viridis (Walt.) A. Gray. Oblong-leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3407. Asclcpias viridis Walt. Fl. Car. 107. 1788. Asclepiodora viridis A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12 : 66. 1876. Stem erect, puberulent above, simple, l-2 high. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, rather thin, obtuse and mucronulate or acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, short- petioled, 2.\'-~,' long, \'-\\' wide; umbels 2-4, or sometimes solitary; peduncles ii'-2' long; pedicels sic ,der, about \' lon# ->rMla green- ish, its segments, when exp? ., oblong, ob- tuse or acute, 4"-6" long, 2- ^mes as long as the purplish or violet entire-margined hoods; anther-wings narrow, scarcely angled above ; fruiting pedicels twice bent; follicles ascend- ing, puberulent, 2'-3' long, sometimes with soft spinose projections. In dry soil, Illinois to Kansas, Texas, South Carolina and Florida.. May-July. 2. Asclepiodora decumbens (Nutt.) A. Gray. Decumbent Milkweed. Fig. 3408. decumbens Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. ,^OC. (II.) 5: 202. 1833-37. < ?. & ' 'dora decumbens A. Gray, Proc. Am. Aidd. 12: 66. 1876. t- terns decumbent or ascending, rough- pub/ u lent, io'-2 long. Leaves firm, linear to ^ ceolate, glabrous above, puberulent on thr* ins beneath, acuminate at the apex, na ved at the base, $'-j' long, 2"-8" wit. \ umbel solitary, many-flowered; pe- dur> i i '-5' long; pedicels stout, i'-i' long; corf, a depressed-globose in the bud, green- 5sh,! .s segments, when expanded, ovate or broil ly oval, longer than the hoods ; hoods ;>u ' :, obtusely 3-lobed on the ventral ma'f ns, about 3" long, their tips incurved; anti -wings broad, angled above ; follicles nea erect on the recurved fruited pedi- cel? ,'-4' long, puberulent, at least when you- , with or without soft projections. ry soil, Kansas to Texas and Mexico, v- Utah and Arizona. April-June. ASCLEPIADACEAE. VOL. III. 3. ACERATES Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 316. 1817. Perennial herbs, similar to Asclepias, with alternate or opposite thick leaves, and green or purplish flowers in terminal or axillary and short-peduncled or sessile umbels. Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided, the segments acute, glandular within. Corolla deeply 5-cleft, the seg- ments valvate, reflexed in anthesis. Corona-column very short. Corona of 5 involute-concave or somewhat pitcher-shaped hoods, neither horned nor crested within or in one species having a small interior crest and usually a few small processes at the base of the anther-wings, forming an obscure inner crown. Pollen-masses solitary in each sac, oblong, pendulous. Stigma 5-lobed. [Greek, without horn, referring to the crown.] About 7 species, natives of North America. Type species : Acerates longifolia (Michx.) Ell. Umbels sessile, or very nearly so, mostly axillary. Leaves oval to linear ; hoods entire at the apex. i. A. viridiflora, Leaves narrowly linear ; hoods 3-toothed. 2. A. angustifolia. Umbels, at least the lower, distinctly peduncled. Plants glabrous, or nearly so ; umbels usually several ; leaves narrow. Hoods obtuse, entire; column y 2 " long; stem roughish puberulent. 3. A. floridana. Hoods emarginate ; column very short ; stem glabrous. 4. A. auriculata. Plant hirsute ; umbel solitary, terminal ; leaves- ovate to oblong. 5. A. lanuginosa. i. Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Eaton. Green Milkweed. Fig. 3409. Asclepias viridiflora Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5 : 360. 1808. Acerates viridiflora Eaton, Man-. Ed. 5, 90. 1829. Puberulent or tomentulose, at least when young; stems simple, reclined or ascending, rather st.ff, i-3 high. Leaves slightly rough, alternate or op- posite, thick, oval, oblong or ovate to lanceolate or linear, 1'-$' long, \'-2.' wide, short-petioled, the mar- gins usually undulate ; umbels several, or rarely solitary, axillary, densely many-flowered, sessile or very nearly so ; pedicels very slender, tomentose, 4"-8" long; flowers green; corolla-segments nar- rowly oblong, 2"-3" long ; column very short or none; hoods lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, minutely 2-auricled at the base; mass of anthers longer than thick ; anther-wings tapering below, semi-rhomboid above; follicles puberulent, 2'-^' long. In dry, sandy or rocky soil, Massachusetts to south- ern Ontario, Saskatchewan, Florida and Texas. Con- sists of several races, differing mainly in leaf-form. June-Sept. 2. Acerates angustifolia (Nutt.) Dec. Narrow-leaved Milkweed. Fig. 3410. Polyotus angustifolius Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5= 201. 1833-37. A. angnstifolia Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8: 522. 1844. Asclepias stenophylla A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12 : 72. 1876. Stems mostly several together, erect, straight, i-2 high, puberulent above, glabrate below. Leaves opposite, or some of the lower alternate, sessile, narrowly linear, 2'-5' long, glabrous, the revolute margins and the thick midvein rough beneath ; umbels io-is-flowered, short-peduncled or subsessile, axillary, usually numerous ; pedicels puberulent ; corolla-segments oblong, greenish ; hoods white, not exceeding the anthers, 3-toothed at the apex, the acute middle tooth merely a prolongation of the thickened crest-like midvein, shorter than the obtuse lateral ones ; anther- wings notched at about the middle ; follicles slender, erect, about 3' long or more. On dry plains, Missouri, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas. GENUS 3. MILKWEED FAMILY. 3. Acerates floridana (Lam.) A. S. Hitchc. Florida Milkweed. Fig. 3411. Asclepias floridana Lam. Encycl. I : 284. 1783. Acerates longifolia Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:317. 1817. Acerates floridana A. S. Hitchc. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 5 : 508. 1891. Rough-puberulent ; stems slender, simple or little branched, erect or ascending, i-3 high. Leaves mostly alternate, linear or rarely linear- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, short-petioled, 2'-8' long, ii"-6" wide, commonly rough-cilio- late on the margins and midrib; umbels several or solitary, peduncled, usually many-flowered; peduncles 3"-! 5" long; pedicels slender, hirsute, i'-i' long; corolla greenish white, its segments narrowly oblong, about 2" long; column short but distinct ; hoods oblong, obtuse, entire, shorter than the anthers ; anther-wings narrowed to the base; follicles densely puberulent, 4'-$' long. Moist soil, Ohio to southern Ontario and Minne- sota, North Carolina, Florida and Texas. June-Sept. 4. Acerates auriculata Engelm. Auri- cled Milkweed. Fig. 3412. Acerates auricitlata Engelm. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 1 60. 1859. Asclepias auriculata Holzinger, Bot. Gaz. 17 : 125. 1892. Stem glabrous, often glaucous, sinuous above, rarely branched below, usually stout, i~3 high. Leaves mostly alternate, narrowly l : near, glabrous, shprt-petioled, 3 '-8' long, i"-2j" wide, becoming leathery, the rough margins not revolute ; umbels commonly sev- eral, densely many-flowered, pedr.ncled ; pe- duncles 2"-i' long, pubescent ; pedicels slender, pubescent ; flowers greenish white tinged with dull purple ; corolla-segments oblong, 2"-2i" long; column short, but distinct ; hoods yellow, often with a purplish keel, entire, or emargi- nately truncate at the apex, not exceeding the anthers, the involute margins spreading at the base into auricles; follicles 2'-3' long, curved. In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and New Mexico. June-Sept. 5. Acerates lanuginosa (Nutt.) Dec. Woolly Milkweed. Fig. 3413. Asclepias lanuginosa Nutt. Gen. i : 168. 1818. Acerates lanuginosa Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8 : 523. 1844. Hirsute all over ; stems erect, slender, simple, 6'-i8' high. Leaves oblong, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, short-petioled, i'-4' long, 4"-i5" wide ; umbel solitary, terminal, densely many-flowered, peduncled ; peduncle stout, densely hirsute, J'-li long; pedicels slender, puberulent or hirsute; corolla greenish, its segments oblong, about 2j" long; column none; hoods purplish, oblong, obtuse, entire, with a flat fold or auricle on the infolded lower ventral margins, shorter than the anthers ; anther-wings broadest below the middle. On prairies, northern Illinois to Minnesota, Ne- braska and Wyoming. June-Aug. ASCLEPIADACEAE. VOL. III. 4. GONOLOBUS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 119. 1803. [AMPELANUS Raf. ; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 21: 314. 1894.] [ENSLENIA Nutt. Gen. i : 164. 1818. Not Raf. 1817.] Perennial twining herbaceous vines, with petioled opposite cordate thin leaves, and small whitish flowers in axillary peduncled clusters. Calyx 5-parted, minutely glandular within, the segments lanceolate. Corolla campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes slightly contorted, nearly erect. Crown nearly sessile, of 5 membranous truncate lobes, each appendaged by a simple or 2-cleft awn. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla, the filaments connate into a short tube; anthers terminated by an inflexed membrane; pollen-masses solitary in each sac, ellipsoid, pendulous. Stigma conic, slightly 2-lobed. Follicles thick, acuminate. Seeds comose. [Greek, referring to the somewhat angled pod.] Three species, natives of America. Type species : Gonolobus lacvis Michx. i. Gonolobus laevis Michx. Sand Vine. Enslen's-vine. Fig. 3414. Gonolobus laevis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 119. 1803. Enslenia albida Nutt. Gen. i : 164. 1818. A. albidus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 314. 1894. Stem sparingly puberulent, at least above, high- climbing, slender. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, gradually acuminate, deeply cordate, palmately veined, glabrous or very nearly so, entire, 3'-?' long, ii'-S' wide; petioles i'~4' long; cymes numerous, densely flowered; peduncles stout, 3" -2' long; flow- ers 2"-3" long; corolla-segments lanceolate, acute, twice as long as those of the calyx and exceeding the 2-cleft awns of the corona-lobes; follicles on ascending fruiting pedicels, 4'-6' long, somewhat angled, glabrous when mature. Along river-banks and in thickets, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Kansas, Florida and Texas. June-Aug. 1753- 5. CYNANCHUM L. Sp. PI. 212. [VIXCETOXICUM Moench, Meth. 717. 1/94.] Perennial twining herbaceous or slightly woody vines (some species erect herbs), with opposite or rarely verticillate or alternate leaves, and small yellowish green or purplish flow- ers in axillary cymes. Calyx 5-parted, minutely glandular within. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-cleft, the segments spreading, somewhat twisted. Crown flat or cup-like, entire, 5-lobed or 5-parted, the lobes not appendaged. Stamens attached to the base of the corolla, their fila- ments connate into a tube; anthers appendaged by an inflexed membrane. Pollen-masses solitary in each sac, pendulous. Stigma flat or conic. Follicles acuminate, glabrous. Seeds comose. [Greek, dog-strangling.] About TOO species, natives of both the Old World and the New. Besides the following, 2 native species occur in the southeastern United States. Type spe- cies: Cynanchutn acntitm L. i. Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers. Black Swallow-wort. Fig. 3415. Asdepias nigra L. Sp. PI. 216. 1753. Vincetoxicum nigrum Moench, Meth. 317. 1794. Cynanchnm nigrum Pers. Syn. I : 274. 1805. Twining, or at first erect, puberulent, slender, 2-5 high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, en- tire, thin, acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, pinnately veined, petioled, 2'-^' long, \'-2\' wide; petioles 2"-i2" long; pedicels i$"-3" long; flowers dark purple, about 2\" broad ; corolla- segments pubescent within ; cro\vn fleshy, 5-lobed ; follicles on nearly straight fruiting pedicels, about 2' long, glabrous. In waste places, escaped from gardens, Massa- chusetts to Pennsylvania and Ohio and in British Columbia. Introduced from Europe. June-Sept. Cynanchum Vincetoxicum (L.) Pers., with green- ish-white glabrous corollas, another Old World species, is recorded as escaped from cultivation in southern Ontario. GENUS 6. MILKWEED FAMILY. 37 6. VINCETOXICUM Walt. Fl. Car. 104. 1788. Twining or trailing perennial vines, with opposite usually cordate leaves, and rather large purple, brown, white or greenish flowers in axillary cyme-like umbels or fascicles. Calyx 5-parted or deeply 5-cleft, mostly 5-glandular within. Corolla rotate, very deeply 5-parted, the tube very short, the segments convolute in the bud. Corona (crown) annular or cup- shaped, entire, lobed or divided, adnate to the corolla. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla, the filaments connate into a tube ; anthers not appendaged, merely tipped, borne along or just under the margin of the flat-topped stigma, the sacs more or less transversely dehis- cent. Pollen-masses solitary in each sac, horizontal or nearly so. Follicles thick, acuminate, smooth, angled or tuberculate. Seeds comose. [Greek, subduing poison.] About 75 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 10 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species : Vincetoxicum gonocarpos Walt. Crown annular, lo-crenate; follicles angled, not warty. Corolla about twice as long as the calyx. i. V. suberosum. Corolla 3-4 times as long as the calyx. 2. V, gonocarpos. Crown cup-shaped, about as high as the anthers ; follicles warty. Flowers purple to dull yellow. Corolla-segments oblong, 3 "-4" long ; crown crenate. 3. V. hirsutum. Corolla-segments linear or linear-oblong, 5" 7" long. Crown merely crenate. 4. V. obliquum. Crown toothed or lobed. Crown s-lobed, with a subulate 2-cleft tooth in each sinus. Crown lo-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner and longer. Flowers white ; crown deeply cleft. 5. V. carolinense. 6. V.SIwrtii. 7. V. Baldwinianum. i. Vincetoxicum suberosum (L.) Britton. Coast Vincetoxicum. Fig. 3416. Cynanchum suberosum L. Sp. PI. 212. 1753. G. suberosus R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2 : 82. 1811. V. suberosum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 266. 1894. Stem pubescent or glabrous, slender, twining. Leaves thin, 2'~s' long, i'~3' wide, ovate or ovate- oval, acute or abruptly acuminate at the apex, cor- date at the base; petioles i'-2' long; umbels com- monly few-flowered; peduncles i'-i' long; pedicels i'-i' long, fleshy, nearly glabrous ; corolla brown- purple, broadly conic in the twisted bud, its segments lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, pubescent or granulose within, 3"-4" long, about twice as long as the calyx ; crown an annular fleshy undulately lo-crenate disk ; follicles glabrous, 3-5-angled, when young fleshy, when mature dry and spongy, 4'-6' long, i' in diameter or more. In thickets, Virginia to Florida, mainly near the coast. May-July. ^ X . ^3, 2. Vincetoxicum gonocarpos Walt. Large- leaved Angle-pod. Fig. 3417. Vincetoxicum gonocarpos Walt. Fl. Car. 104. 1788. G. macrophylliis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 119. 1803. Gonolobus laevis var. macrophylliis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part i, 103. 1878. Glabrous or pubescent, stems slender, climbing high. Leaves broadly ovate, thin, 3'-8' long, 2'-6' wide, acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, the sinus narrow or the rounded auricles over- lapping; petioles I '-4' long; umbels few-flowered; peduncles i'~3' long; pedicels rather stout, glabrous or nearly so ; corolla conic in the bud, not twisted, its segments lanceolate, glabrous, 4"-5" long, 3-4 times as long as the calyx ; crown a low obtusely undulate disk; follicles glabrous, similar to those of the pre- ceding species but usually shorter. Along rivers and in moist thickets, Virginia to South Carolina, Georgia, Indiana Missouri and Texas. ASCLEPIADACEAE. VOL. III. 3. Vincetoxicum hirsutum (Michx.) Britton. Hairy Vincetoxicum. Fig. 3418. Gonolobus hirsntus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 119. 1803. V, hirsutum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 266. 1894. Stem downy, slender. Leaves ovate, acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, downy, 2'~4' long, i'-2i' wide, the sinus narrow, or the lobes sometimes overlapping; petioles slender, pubescent, i'-2' long; peduncles usually about equalling the petioles, sometimes longer ; umbels few-several- flowered; corolla brown-purple to greenish yellow, ovoid in the bud, its segments oblong, very obtuse, 3 "-4" long, minutely puberulent without, about 4 times as long as the densely pubescent calyx ; crown cup-shaped, fleshy, about as high as the anthers, the margin lo-crenate ; follicles lanceolate, 3'-$' long, muricate, puberulent ; seeds entire. In thickets, Maryland to Florida, west to Tennessee. Running milkweed. Negro-vine. July-Aug. 4. Vincetoxicum obliquum (Jacq.) Britton. Fig. 34I9- Cynanchum hirtum L. Sp. PI. 212. 1753? Cynanchum obliquum Jacq. Coll. i : 148. 1786. G. obliquus R. Br. ; R. & S. Syst. 6 : 64. 1820. V. obliquum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 266. 1894. Stem puberulent or hirsute, slender. Leaves pubescent, broadly ovate, short-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base with an open or closed sinus, 2'-8' long, rJ'-6' wide; petioles rather stout, pubescent, i'-4' long; umbels slen- der-peduncled, few-several-flowered ; pedicels very slender, i'-2 r long; corolla narrowly conic in the bud, red-purple within, greenish and minutely pubescent without, its segments elongated-linear, obtuse, 6-7 times as long as the hirsute calyx ; crown cup-shaped, as high as the anthers, fleshy, its margin lo-crenulate, the intermediate crenu- lations sometimes 2-dentate; follicles ovoid-lan- ceolate, a'-3' long, muricate. In thickets, Pennsylvania to Ohio, Missouri, Vir- ginia and Kentucky. July-Aug. Large-flowered Vincetoxicum. 5. Vincetoxicum carolinense (Jacq.) Britton. Carolina Vincetoxicum. Fig. 3420. Cynanchum carolinense Jacq. Coll. 2: 228. 1788. G. carolinensis R. Br. ; R. & S. Syst. 6 : 62. 1820. V. carolinense Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 265. 1894. Stem hirsute. Leaves broadly ovate, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base with a narrow or closed sinus, 3'-/' long, 2'-$' wide, pubescent, at least beneath ; petioles hirsute, ii'-4' long; peduncles 2'~4' long; pedicels very slen- der, i' long or more ; corolla brown-purple, oblong- conic in the bud, puberulent without, its segments linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, obtusish, 5''-6" long, 5-6 times longer than the hirsute calyx ; crown cup-shaped, scarcely fleshy, 5-lobed, with a subulate longer 2-cleft erect tooth in each sinus ; follicles muricate. In thickets, Virginia to Missouri, south to South Caro- lina and Louisiana. May-July. GENUS 6. MILKWEED FAMILY. 39 6. Vinceoxicum Snortii (A. Gray) Britton. Short's Vincetoxicum. Fig. 3421. Gonolobus obliquus var. Shi.-rtii A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part i, 104. 1878. G. Short ii A. Gray, loc. cit. Ed. 2, 404. 1886. V. Shortii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 266. 1894. Stem pubescent, or hirsute with spreading hairs. Leaves downy, broadly ovate, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base and when old with a narrow or closed sinus, 4'-j' long, ij'-si' wide; petioles stout, pubescent, iJ'-3' long; peduncles usually longer than the petioles; umbels several-flowered; pedi- cels i' long or more; corolla oblong-conic in the bud, dark crimson-purple, its lobes linear, S"-7" long, 5-7 times as long as the hirsute calyx ; crown cup-shaped, fleshy, as high as the anthers, its margin about lo-toothed, the alter- nate teeth thinner and longer, emarginate or 2-parted, the others broader, thicker, with an obscure internal crest or ridge below the sum- mit ; follicles warty. In thickets, Pennsylvania to eastern Kentucky and Georgia. Flowers with the odor of the straw- berry-shrub. June-Aug. 7. Vincetoxicum Baldwinianum (Sweet) Britton. Baldwin's Vincetoxicum. Fig. 3422. Gonolobus Baldwinianus Sweet ; A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part i, 104. 1876. Vincetoxicum Baldtvinianum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 265. 1894. Stem pubescent and hirsute. Leaves downy, broadly ovate, acute, or short-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, 3'-6' long, or more ; petioles hir- sute, i '-2' long; peduncles 6"-i2" long, usually longer than the pedicels ; umbels several-many-flowered ; corolla white or cream-color, the lobes thin, oblong, or becoming spatulate, 4"-5" long; crown thin, the 5 broader lobes quadrate, emarginate, or obscurely toothed; in their sinuses a pair of very slender linear-subulate teeth of more than double their length, much surpassing the stigma. Missouri and Arkansas to Georgia. May-June. Periploca graeca L., silk-vine, a handsome woody climber, with glabrous ovate-oblong leaves and brown- ish flowers in umbels, the obtuse corolla-segments vil- lous on the inner side has been collected as an escape from cultivation. Family 19. DICHONDRACEAE Dumort. Anal. Fam. 20, 25. DICHONDRA FAMILY. Consists only of the following genus : 1829. i. DICHONDRA Forst. Char. Gen. PI. 39. pi. 40. 1776. Prostrate or creeping slender annual (sometimes perennial?) silky-pubescent or glabrous herbs, with nearly orbicular cordate or reniform petioled entire leaves, and very small soli- tary axillary peduncled flowers. Sepals nearly equal, oblong or spatulate. Corolla open- campanulate, deeply 5-partcd, the lobes induplicate in the bud. Stamens shorter than the corolla; filaments filiform. Ovary villous, deeply 2-parted, each lobe 2-celled; styles 2, simple, arising from the bases of the ovary-lobes ; stigmas capitate. Fruit of 2 pubescent 2-valved or indehiscent i-2-seeded capsules. [Greek, two-grained, referring to the capsules.] About 5 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwest. Type species : Dichondra repens Forst. 4 o DICHOXDRACEAE. VOL. III. i. Dichondra carolinensis Michx. Fig. 2423. Dichondra. Dichondra carolinensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 136. 1803. Somewhat pubescent, or glabrous ; stems almost fili- form, creeping, rooting at the nodes, 6'-2 long. Leaves orbicular to reniform, deeply cordate, i'-ii' in diameter, palmately veined ; petiole often much longer than the blade; flowers i"-2" broad; peduncles filiform; sepals obtuse, spatulate or obovate ; corolla yellow to white, shorter than the sepals, its lobes ovate to oblong; cap- sule i" high or less. In moist or wet places, Virginia to Texas and Mexico, near the coast. Widely distributed in Central and South America. Has been regarded as referable to the Old World D. repens Forst. ; the specific name evolvulacea was used for it in our first edition, in error. Family 20. CONVOLVULACEAE Vent. Tabl. 2 : 394. 1799. MORNING-GLORY FAMILY. Herbs, some tropical species shrubs or trees, the stems twining, ascending, trailing or erect, with alternate exstipulate entire dentate lobed or dissected leaves, and regular perfect axillary cymose or solitary flowers. Calyx inferior, 5-parted or 5-divided, usually persistent, the segments or sepals imbricated. Coralla gamo- petalous, funnelform, salverform, campanulate, tubular or rarely subrotate, the limb 5-angled, 5-lobed or entire. Stamens 5, inserted low down on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, all anther-bearing, the filaments filiform, or dilated at the base, equal or unequal ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular or none. Ovary superior, sessile, 2-3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cavity, or falsely 4-6-celled with a single ovule in each cavity, entire or 2-4-divided ; styles 1-3, terminal, or arising from between the ovary- divisions; ovules anatropous. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule or of 2-4 distinct car- pels, in our species. Seeds erect, the testa villous, pubescent or glabrous ; embryo plaited or crumpled; cotyledons foliaceous; endosperm fleshy or cartilaginous, usually scanty. About 45 genera and probably 1000 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the tropics. Style 2-cleft or 2-divided. Style 2-cleft or 2-parted. i. Stylisma. Style 2-divided to the ovary, each division 2-cleft. 2. Evolvulus. Style entire up to the stigma. Stigma or stigmas capitate or globose. Corolla salver f orm ; stamens and style exserted. 3. Quamoclit. Corolla funnelform or campanulate ; stamens and style included. 4. Ipomoea. Stigmas 2, filiform to oblong. 5. Convolvulus. i. STYLISMA Raf. Neog. 2. 1825. Herbs, mostly perennial and procumbent, with entire short-petioled or sessile leaves, and i-5-flowered axillary peduncles; flowers white, purple, pink, or yellow. Sepals acute or obtuse. Corolla campanulate or funnelform-campanulate; limb plaited, 5-angled or slightly 5-lobed. Stamens included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base. Ovary 2-celled; style 2-cleft or 2-parted ; stigmas capitate. Capsule globose to ovoid, 2-celled, 2-4-valved. Style rarely 3-parted and ovary 3-celled. Seeds 1-4, glabrous or pubescent. [Greek, referring to the 2-parted style.] Seven known species, of the southeastern United States and Mexico. In our first edition this genus was referred to the Australian Breweria R. Br. Type species : Convolvulus aquaticus Walt. Sepals acute or acuminate ; leaves oblong, elliptic or linear. Corolla white ; filaments pubescent ; plant pubescent or puberulent. i. S. humistrata. Corolla purple ; filaments glabrous ; plants silky-tomentose. 2. 5". (iqtiatica. Sepals obtuse ; leaves narrowly linear. 3. S. Pickeringii. GENUS i. MORNING-GLORY FAMILY. I. Stylisma humistrata (Walt.) Chapm. Southern Breweria. Fig. 3424. Convolvulus humistratus Walt. Fl. Car. 94. 1788. Stylisma humistrata Chapm. Fl. S. States, 346. 1860. Bonamia humistrata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 376. 1867. Breweria humistrata A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 217. 1878. Pubescent or puberulenf; stems slender, i-2 long, simple, or with a few long branches. Leaves elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or ovate-oblong, obtuse and mucronulate or some of them emarginate at the apex, subcordate, rounded or narrowed at the base, i'-i' wide, i'-2' long; petioles i"-3" long; peduncles slender, longer than the leaves, i-/-flowered, minutely bracted at the summit ; sepals glabrous or puberulent, oblong, acuminate, 2"-3" long; corolla white, 6"-8" long; filaments pubescent; style 2-cleft; capsule ovoid, acute, glabrous, about as long as the calyx. In dry pine barrens, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. May- Aug. 2. Stylisma aquatica (Walt.) Chapm. Breweria. Fig. 3425. Water Convolvulus aquaticus Walt. Fl. Car. 94. 1788. Stylisma aquatica Chapm. Fl. S. States, 346. 1860. Bonamia aquatica A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 376. 1867. Breweria aquatica A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 217. 1878. Finely and densely silky-tomentose, branched, the branches long and slender. Leaves oblong, elliptic or oblong-lanceo- late, obtuse at both ends, mucronate or emarginate at the apex, sometimes subcordate at the base, i'-ii' long, 2"-8" wide; peduncles i-3-flowered, longer than the leaves, mi- nutely bracted at the summit ; sepals densely silky-tomen- tose, oblong, acute or acuminate, about 2" long; corolla purple or pink, 5"-7" long; filaments glabrous; style 2-parted nearly to the base. In wet soil, especially in pine barrens, Missouri to Texas, east to North Carolina and Florida. May-Aug. 3. Stylisma Pickeringii (M. A. Curtis) A. Gray. Pickering's Breweria. Fig. 3426. Convolvulus Pickeringii M. A. Curtis, Bost. Journ. Nat Hist, i : 129. 1837. Stylisma Pickeringii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 335. 1856. Bonamia Pickeringii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 376. 1867. Breweria Pickeringii A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part 1,217. 1878. Etem pubescent or puberulent, very slender, simple or branched, i-2 long. Leaves puberulent or glabrous, narrowly linear, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, \'-2\' long, i"-2" wide, the lowest sometimes narrowly spatulate ; petioles very short ; peduncles slen- der, about as long as the leaves, with i or 2 linear bracts at the summit which are usually longer than the pedicels and calyx; sepals pubescent or hirsute, ovate to oval, obtuse, about 2" long; corolla white, about i' long; fila- ments nearly glabrous ; style 2-cleft, above, exserted ; capsule ovoid, acute, pubescent, longer than the calyx. In dry pine barrens, New Jersey to North Carolina ; Illinois to Iowa, Louisiana and Texas. June-Aug. 2. EVOLVULUS L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 391. 1762. Erect or diffuse branching, mostly silky-pubescent or pilose, annual or perennial herbs, with small usually entire leaves, and axillary solitary, racemose or paniculate, small blue pink or white flowers. Sepals nearly equal, acute or obtuse. Corolla funnelform, campanu- late or rotate, the limb plaited, 5-angled or 5-lobed. Stamens included or exserted ; filaments COXVOLVULACEAE. VOL. III. filiform; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary entire, 2-celled; style 2-divided to the base, or near it, each division deeply 2-cleft; stigmas linear-filiform. Capsule 2-celled, globose to ovoid, 2-4-valved, i-4-seeded. Seeds glabrous. [Latin, unrolling.]. About 85 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the southern United States. Type species: Evolvulus nuininularius L. i. Evolvulus pilosus Nutt. Evolvulus. Fig. 3427. Evolvulus argenteus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 187. 1814. Not R. Br. 1810. Evolvulus pilosus Nutt. Gen. i : 174. 1818. Perennial, densely silky-pubescent or villous ; stems ascending or erect, 3 '-9' high, very leafy. Leaves sessile, oblong, lanceolate or spatulate, 3"-9" long, i "-3" wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, nar- rowed at the base; flowers solitary and nearly ses- sile in the axils ; peduncles 2-bracted at the base, recurved in fruit, i"-2" long; sepals lanceolate, acute or acuminate; corolla funnel form-campanu- late, purple or blue, 3"-6" broad; capsule i$"-2" in diameter, about as long as the sepals. On dry plains, North Dakota to Missouri, Nebraska, Mexico and Arizona. May-July. 3. QUAMOCLIT [Tourn.] Moench, Meth. 453. 1794. Twining herbaceous vines, with petioled entire lobed or pinnately parted leaves, and cymose racemose or solitary peduncled axillary flowers. Sepals 5, herbaceous, equal, acumi- nate, mucronate or appendaged. Corolla salverform (usually scarlet in the following species), the tube narrow, somewhat dilated above, mostly longer than the spreading s-lobed limb. Stamens and simple style more or less exserted ; stigma capitate; ovary 2-celled or falsely 4-celled, 4-ovuled. Fruit usually 4-celled and 4-seeded. [Greek, dwarf kidney-bean.] About 10 species, of warm and tropical regions, only the following in North America. Type species : Ipomoea coccinea L. Leaves pinnately parted into very narrow segments. Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire or angulate-lobed. 1. Q. Quamoclit. 2. Q. coccinea. i. Quamoclit Quamoclit (L.) Britton. Cypress Vine. Indian Pink. Ipomoea Quamoclit L. Sp. PI. 159. 1753. Q. vulgaris Choisy in DC. Prodr. 9: 336. 1845. Q. Quamoclit Britton, in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 : 2.2. 1898. Annual, glabrous ; stem slender, twining to a height of io-2o. Leaves ovate in outline, pe- tioled or nearly sessile, 2 '-7' long, pinnately parted nearly to the midvein into narrowly linear entire segments less than i" wide ; peduncles slender, commonly much longer than the leaves, i-6-flow- ered; pedicels i' long or more, thickening in fruit ; sepals oblong, obtuse, usually mucronulate, 2"-3" long; corolla scarlet, rarely white, salver- form, I'-iY long, the tube expanded above, the limb nearly flat, the lobes ovate, acutish ; stamens and style exserted; ovary 4-celled ; ovule i in each cell ; capsule ovoid, 4-valved, about 5" high, twice as long as the sepals. In waste and cultivated ground, Virginia to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Sparingly escaped from gardens farther north. Naturalized from tropical America. July-Oct. American red bell-flower. Sweet-william- of-the-Barbadoes. Cupid's-flower. Red jasmine. 3428. GENUS 3. MORNING-GLORY FAMILY. 43 2. Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench. Small Red Morning-glory. Fig. 3429. Ipomoea coccinea L. Sp. PI. 160. 1753. 1. hederaefolia L. Syst. Ed. 10, 925. 1759- Quamoclit coccinea Moench, Meth. 453. 1794- Annual, glabrous or puberulent, stem twining to a height of several feet or trailing. Leaves ovate to orbicular, deeply cordate, long-acumi- nate, 2-6' long, entire or angulate-lobed, slender- petioled ; peduncles few-several-flowered, usu- ally not longer than the leaves ; sepals oblong, obtuse, about 2" long, subulate-appendaged ; co- rolla scarlet, salverform, io"-2o" long, the limb obscurely 5-lobed ; stamens and style slightly exserted; ovary 4-celled with i ovule in each cell ; capsule globose, 4-valved, 3"-4" in diameter. Along river-banks and in waste places, Rhode Island to Pennsylvania, Florida, Ohio, Missouri, Texas and Arizona. Naturalized from tropical America, or native in the Southwest. A hybrid of this species with the preceding is sometimes culti- vated. American jasmine. July-Oct. 4. IPOMOEA L. Sp. PI. 159. 1753. Twining trailing ascending or rarely erect herbs, annual or perennial, with large showy axillary solitary or cymose flowers. Sepals equal or unequal. Corolla funnel form or cam- panulate, the limb entire, 5-angled or 5-lobed, the tube more or less plaited. Stamens equal or unequal, included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base; anthers ovate, oblong, or linear. Ovary entire, globose or ovoid, 2-4-celled, 4-6-ovuled ; s.tyle filiform, included; stigmas I or 2, capitate or globose. Capsule globose or ovoid, usually septifragally 2-4-valved, 2-4- seeded. [Greek, worm-like.] About 400 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 30 others occur in southern and western North America. Known as Morning-Glory or False Bindweed. Type species : Ipomoea pes-tigrinis L. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 4-celled) ; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Leaves cordate ; stems trailing or twining. Perennial from an enormous root ; corolla 2'-$' long. i. I. pandurata. Annual ; roots fibrous ; corolla 4"-6" long, white. 2. I. lacunosa. Annual ; corolla I'-i J^' long, pink or purple. 3. I. trichocarpa. Leaves linear ; stems ascending or erect. 4. /. leptophylla. Ovary 3-celled ; stigmas 3 ; leaves cordate. (Genus PHARBITIS.) Leaves entire; corolla 2 r -2 l /2 r long. 5. I.purpurea. Leaves deeply 3-lobed, corolla i'-\ l / 2 ' long. 6. / hederacea. i. Ipomoea pandurata (L.) Meyer. Wild Potato Vine. Fig. 3430. Convolvulus panduratns L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753. I. pandurata Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 100. 1818. Perennial from an enormous fleshy root, glabrous or puberulent; stems trailing or feebly climbing, 2-i2 long. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate, acumi- nate at the apex, 2'-6' long, slender-petioled, entire, sometimes contracted in the middle, or some of the later ones rarely angulate-dentate or 3-lobed ; pe- duncles i-5-flowered, much elongated in fruit; sepals oblong, obtuse or acutish, 6"-8" long, gla- brous; corolla funnelform, white, or with pinkish purple stripes in the throat, 2'-3' long, the limb 5-lobed ; ovary 2-celled ; capsule ovoid, 2-valved, 2-4-seeded, the seeds densely woolly on the margins and pubescent on the sides. In dry soil, in fields or on hills, Ontario to Con- necticut, Florida, Michigan, Kansas and Texas. Oc- curs rarely with double flowers. Man-of-the-Earth. Mecha-meck (Indian^. Wild sweet potato. Man-root. Wild jalap. Scammony. May-Sept. 44 COXVOLVULACEAE. VOL. III. 2. Ipomoea lacunosa L. Small-flowered White Morning-glory. Fig. 3431. Ipomoea lacunosa L. Sp. PI. 161. 1753. Annual, pubescent or hirsute, rarely glabrous ; stem twining, 2-io long. Leaves slender-petioled, broadly ovate, cordate, acute or acuminate at the apex, entire, angled or 3-lobed, 2'-^' long, the lobes acute; peduncles i-3-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; pedicels slender ; sepals oblong or lan- ceolate, acute or acuminate, pubescent or ciliate, about 5" long; corolla funnelform, 6"-io" long, white, or the limb purple; ovary 2-celled; stigma capitate; capsule globose, 2-valved, shorter than or about equalling the sepals. In moist soil, Pennsylvania to South Carolina, Illi- nois, Missouri, Kansas and Texas. In ballast at Atlantic seaports. White star. Morning-glory. July- Sept. 3. Ipomoea trichocarpa Ell. Small-flowered Pink Morning-glory. Fig. 3432. Convolvulus carolinus L. Sp. PI. 154. 1753. Ipomoea trichocarpa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i: 258. 1817. Ipomoea commutata R. & S. Syst. 4: 228. 1819. Ipomoea Carolina Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 145. 1814. Not L. 1753- Similar in habit to the preceding species, but the leaves usually more lobed ; peduncles often longer than the leaves, i-3-flowered; sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent or ciliate ; corolla i'-ii' long, pink or purple; capsule glabrous or pubescent. Kansas to Texas, east to South Carolina and Florida. 4. Ipomoea leptophylla Torr. Bush Morning- glory. Fig. 3433. Ipomoea leptopliylla Torr. in Frem. Rep. 95. 1845. Perennial from an enormous root, which some- times weighs 25 Ibs., glabrous throughout; stems erect, ascending or reclining, rather stout, 2-4 long, much branched. Leaves narrowly linear, en- tire, acute, 2'-s' long, i"-3" wide; petioles very short ; peduncles stout, nearly erect', usually shorter than the leaves, i-4-flowercd ; pedicels shorter than the peduncles ; sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, 3"-4" long, or the outer shorter; corolla funnelform, pur- ple or pink, about 3' long, the limb scarcely lobed ; capsule ovoid, acute, 8"-i2" long, 2-celled, much longer than the sepals ; seeds pubescent. In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Wyoming, Texas and New Mexigo. Man-root. May-July. GENUS 4. MORNING-GLORY FAMILY. 45 5. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Lam. Morning- glory. Fig. 3434. Convolvulus pitrpureus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 219. 1762. Ipomoea purpurea Lam. Tabl. Encycl. i: 466. 1791. Pharbitis purpurea Voigt. Hort. Sub. Calcutta 354. 1845- Annual, pubescent ; stem retrorsely hairy, twin- ing or trailing, 4-io long. Leaves broadly ovate, deeply cordate, acute or acuminate, 2'-^ wide, slender-petioled ; peduncles slender, i-5-flowered, often longer than the petioles ; sepals lanceolate or oblong, acute, pubescent or hirsute near the base, 6"-8" long; corolla funnel form, blue, pur- ple, pink, variegated or white, 2 r -2\' long; ovary 3-celled (rarely 2-celled) ; stigmas 3 (rarely 2)-; capsule depressed-globose, about 5" in diameter, shorter than the sepals. In waste places, commonly escaped from gardens, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Ontario, Nebraska and Texas. There is a double-flowered form in cul- tivation. Adventive or naturalized from tropical America. Ropewind. July-Oct. 6. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Ivy-leaved Morning-glory. Fig. 3435. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Icon. Rar. pi. 36. 1781. Pharbitis hederacea Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 6 : 440. 1833- Annual, pubescent; stem twining or climbing to a height of 2-5, slender, retrorsely hairy. Leaves ovate-orbicular in outline, long-petioled, deeply 3-lobed, cordate at the base, 2'-$' long, the lobes ovate, acuminate, entire, or the lateral ones some- times repand or dentate; peduncles i-3-flowered, much shorter than the petioles ; flowers opening in early morning, soon closing; sepals lanceolate with long linear often recurved tips, densely hirsute be- low, sparingly so above, 8"-i2" long ; corolla funnel- form, the tube usually nearly white, the limb light blue or purple, I'-ii' long; ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3 ; capsule depressed-globose, 3-valved, about as long as the lanceolate portion of the sepals. In fields and waste places, Maine to Florida, Penn- sylvania, Nebraska and Mexico. Naturalized or adven- tive from tropical America. July-Oct. 6. CONVOLVULUS L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753. Herbs (the following species perennials wrth slender roots or rootstocks) with trailing, twining or erect stems. Leaves entire dentate or lobed, mostly cordate or sagittate and petioled. Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered, large, pink, purple or white. Sepals nearly equal or the outer larger, the calyx bractless or with a pair of bracts at its base. Corolla funnelform or campanulate, the limb plaited, 5-angled, 5-lobed, or entire. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base. Ovary 1-2- celled, 4-ovuled; style filiform; stigmas 2, filiform, oblong, or ovoid. Capsule globose or nearly so, i-4-celled, 2-4-valved. Seeds glabrous. [Latin, to roll together, or entwine.] About 200 species, of wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the follow- ing, some 30 others occur in the southern and western United States. Type species : Convolvulus sepiuin L. Calyx with two large bracts at the base, which enclose it. Stems trailing or climbing. Peduncles long, much longer than the petioles. Stems 3-io long; leaves hastate, the auricles often dentate. i. C.sepium. Stems i-3 long; leaves sagittate, the auricles rounded, entire. 2. C.repens. Peduncles short, mostly not longer than the petioles. 3. C.fraterniflorus. Stem erect or ascending ; flowers white ; bracts not cordate. 4. C. spiihamaeus. Calyx not bracted ; peduncle bracted at the summit. Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves entire, auriculate. 5. C. arvensis. Canescent ; leaves with 2-4 basal lobes. 6. C, incamis. COXVOLVULACEAE. VOL. 111. i. Convolvulus sepium L. Hedge or Great Bindweed. Lily-bind. Fig. 3436. Convolvulus sepium L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753. Convolvulus sepium var. amcricanus Sims, Bot. Mr.g. pi. 732- 1804. Calystegia sepium R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. i : 483. 1810. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent ; stems ex- tensively trailing or high-twining, 3-io long. Leaves slender-petioled, triangular in outline, hastate, 2' -5' long, acute or acuminate at the apex, the basal lobes divergent, usually acute, angulate-dentate or entire; petioles l'-2' long; peduncles i-flowered, longer than the petioles, often 2-3 times as long; flowers pink with white stripes or white throughout, about 2' long; bracts at the base of the corolla, large, ovate, acute or obtuse, cordate ; stigmas oblong. In fields and thickets, usually in moist soil, Newfoundland to North Carolina, British Colum- bia, Illinois, Nebraska and New Mexico. Also in Europe and Asia. June- Aug. Bell-bind. Wood- bind. Pear- or Devil's-vine. Lady's-nightcap. Hedge- or harvest-lily. Rutland beauty. Wood- bine. German scammony. Creepers. Bracted- bindweed. Convolvulus japonicus Thunb. Fl. Jap. 85. 1784, a species with narrow hastate leaves and smaller pink flowers, cultivated in a double-flowered form, has in this form escaped from cultiva- tion from southeastern New York to the District of Columbia and Missouri. 2. Convolvulus repens L. Trailing or Hedge Bindweed. Fig. 3437. Convolvulus repens L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753. Convolvulus sepium var. repens A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part i, 215. 1878. More or less pubescent or tomentose ; stem trailing or twining, i-3 long, simple, or spar- ingly branched. Leaves ovate or oblong, petioled, i '-2' long, obtuse, acute or abruptly acuminate at the apex, sagittate or cordate at the base, entire, the basal lobes rounded, scarcely or not at all divergent; petioles i'-i' long; peduncles i-flow- ered, equalling or longer than the leaves ; flowers white (sometimes pink?) about 2' long; calyx en- closed by 2 ovate acute or obtusish slightly cor- date bracts ; stigmas oblong. In moist and dry soil, Quebec to Florida and Louisiana. Recorded from the Great Lake region. May- Aug. C. interior House, of the western plains, with broader leaves and smaller corollas, is found in Kan- sas and Nebraska. 3. Convolvulus fraterniflorus MacKenzie & Bush. Short-stalked Bindweed. Fig. 3438. C. Sepium fraterniflorus Mack. & Bush, Fl. Jackson Co. 153. 1902. C. fraterniflorus Mack. & Bush, Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 16: 104. 1905. Sparingly pubescent; stems trailing or twining, much branched, 3-6 long. Leaves hastate or hastate-sagittate, short-pubescent on both sides, 4' long or less, acute at the apex, the basal lobes entire or dentate, spreading; pedun- cles often 2 in each axil, wing-angled, mostly not longer than the petioles; bracts large, cordate, pubescent, con- cealing the sepals at flowering time; sepals glabrous, ob- tusish, 5"-8" long; corolla white, about 2' long. Dry banks and prairies, western Missouri ; recorded eastward to the District of Columbia. July-Sept. GENUS 6. MORXING-GLORY FAMILY. 47 4. Convolvulus spithamaeus L. Upright or Low Bindweed. Fig. 3439. Convolvulus spithamaeus L. Sp. PI. 158. 1753. Calystegia spithamaea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 143. 1814. Volvulus spithamaeus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 447. 1891. Convolvulus camporum Greene, Pittonia 3 : 328. 1898. Pubescent, or glabrate; stem erect or ascend- ing, straight, or the summit sometimes feebly twining, 6'-i2' high. Leaves oval, short-petioled or the uppermost sessile, usually obtuse at both ends, sometimes acutish at the apex, and subcor- date at the base, 1-2' long, \'-\\' wide; pedun- cles i-flowered, longer than the leaves: flowers white, nearly 2' long; calyx enclosed by 2 large oval acutish bracts which are narrowed at both ends and not cordate at the base; stigmas ob- long, thick. In dry sandy or rocky fields or on banks, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Manitoba, Florida and Ken- tucky. Dwarf morning-glory. Low or bracted- bindweed. May-Aug. 5. Convolvulus arvensis L. Small Bindweed. Fig. 3440. Convolvulus arvensis L. Sp. PI. 153. 1753. Glabrous, or nearly so ; stems trailing or decum- bent, very slender, \-2\ long, simple or branched. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate or oblong, entire, ob- tusish and mucronulate or acutish at the apex, sagit- tate or somewhat hastate at the base, i'-2' long, the basal lobes spreading, acute or obtuse ; peduncles i-4-flowered (commonly 2-flowered), shorter than the leaves, i-3-bracted at the summit, usually with another bract on one of the pedicels ; sepals oblong, obtuse, li" long; corolla pink or nearly white, 8"-i2" broad ; calyx not bracted at the base ; stigmas linear. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Montana, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Kansas, New Mexico and California. Naturalized from Europe. Na- tive also of Asia. May-Sept. Hedge-bells. Bearbind. Corn-lily. Withwind. Bellbine. Corn-bind. Lap-love. Sheep-bine. 6. Convolvulus incanusYahl. Hoary Bind- weed. Fig. 3441. Convolvulus incanns Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 23. 1794. Finely and densely canescent, pale, or some- times greener; stems procumbent or trailing, usually branched, i-3 long. Leaves rather short- petioled, lanceolate, ovate to linear in outline, usually with 2-4 divergent lobes at the base, or the lower pair of lobes reflexed, otherwise entire or irregularly dentate, obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, i'-2 r long; peduncles i-2-flowered, as long as or longer than the leaves, minutely bracted at the summit; pedicels 3"-6" long; sepals oblong, obtuse or mucronulate, about 3" long; corolla white to rose-color; stigmas nar- rowly linear ; capsule globose, about as long as the sepals. In waste places, near Lincoln, Neb. (according to Webber). In dry soil, Kansas and Arkansas to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Also in southern South America. April-Aug. 48 CUSCUTACEAE. VOL. III. Family 21. CUSCUTACEAE Dumort, Anal. Fam. 20. 1829. DODDER FAMILY. White or yellow slender parasites, dextrorsely twining, the leaves reduced to minute alternate scales, the small white, yellowish or pinkish flowers cymosely clustered. Calyx inferior, 5-lobed or 5-parted (rarely 4-lobed or 4-parted), or of 5 distinct sepals. Corolla campanulate, ovoid, urceolate or cylindric, 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed), the lobes imbricated in the bud, the tube bearing as many fimbriate or crenulate scales as there are lobes and alternate with them, or these sometimes obsolete. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, inserted in the throat or sinuses above the scales, short-exserted or included ; filaments short or slender; anthers short, ovate or oval, obtuse, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary globose to oblong, 2-celled ; ovules 2 in each cavity ; styles 2, terminal, separate, or rarely united below ; stigmas linear or capi- tate. Capsule globose or ovoid, circumscissile, irregularly bursting or indehiscent, i-4-seeded. Seeds glabrous, globose or angular; embryo linear, terete, curved or spiral, its apex bearing 1-4 minute scales, endosperm fleshy; cotyledons none. i. CUSCUTA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 124. 1753. Characters of the family. The filiform twining stems are parasitic on herbs and shrubs by numerous minute suckers. The seeds germinate in the soil and the plantlet attaches itself to its host, its root and lower portion soon perishing. The subsequent nutrition of the parasite is apparently wholly through its suckers. [Name from the Arabic.] About 100 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Known as Dodder, or Strangle-weed. Type species : Cuscuta europaea L. * Corolla-scales crenulate; stigmas slender; capsule circumscissile; introduced species. Scales crenulate above, not incurved. i. C. Epilinum. Scales crenulate all around, strongly incurved. 2. C. Epithymum. ** Corolla-scales fringed; stigmas capitate; capsule indehiccent; native species. Sepals united below into a gamosepalous calyx. Flowers very nearly sessile ; corolla persistent at the base of the capsule. Corolla-scales ovate, fringed all around ; calyx-lobes obtuse. 3. C. arvensis. Corolla-scales abortive, or of a few processes ; calyx-lobes acutish. 4. C. Polygonorum. Flowers distinctly pedicelled ; corolla enclosing or capping the capsule, or at length deciduous. Tips of the corolla-lobes incurved or reflexed. Scales ovate, fringed all around ; capsule enclosed by the corolla. 5. C. indecora. Scales abortive, or of a few slender processes ; corolla capping the capsule. 6. C. Coryli. Corolla-lobes spreading or recurved. Scales small, irregularly fringed ; capsule depressed-globose. 7. C. Cephalanthi. Scales long, fringed mainly above ; capsule pointed. Corolla i j /2 rr long; capsule globose, short-pointed. 8. C. Gronovii. Flowers 2"$" long ; capsule oval, long-pointed. 9. C. roslrata. Sepals separate, subtended by similar bracts. Flowers cymose, pedicelled; scales short; bracts entire. 10. C. cuspidata. Flowers closely sessile in dense clusters ; bracts serrulate. Bracts few, broad, appressed ; styles as long as the ovary. n. C.compacta. Bracts numerous, narrow, their tips recurved; styles longer than the ovary. 12. C. paradoxa. i. Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe. Flax Dodder. Fig. 3442. Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe, Archiv. Apoth. 8: 54. 1824. Cnscuta densiflora Soyer-Willem. Act. Soc. Linn. Paris 4: 281. 1826. Stems very slender, yellow or red; flowers sessile in dense clusters, yellowish white, about ii" long. Calyx hemispheric, 5-lobed, the lobes acute, nearly as long as the corolla-tube; corolla yellowish-white, short, cylindric, becoming urceolate, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, acutish, spreading, its scales short, erect, less thai 1 , one-half the length of the tube, 2-cleft or emarginate, crenulate above, the crenulations not ex- tending to the base; stigmas linear-filiform; capsule circumscissile, the withering-persistent corolla borne on its summit. On flax. Nova Scotia to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Introduced from Europe. Native also of Asia. July- Aug. GENUS I. DODDER FAMILY. 49 2. Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. Thyme Dod- der. Lesser Lucerne or Clover Dodder. Fig- 3443- Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. in L. Syst. Ed. 13, 140. 1774. Cuscuta Trifolii Bab. Phytol. i: 467. 1843. Stems filiform, red; flowers sessile in small dense clusters, pinkish, about i" long. Calyx variable, 4-S-lobed, more than one-half the length of the cylin- dric corolla-tube, the lobes gcute ; corolla 4-5-lobed, the lobes erect, about one-half as long as the tube, acute, its scales strongly incurved, crenulate nearly or quite to the base; stigmas filiform; capsule cir- cumscissile, capped by the withering corolla. Usually on clover, Maine and Ontario to South Da- kota and Pennsylvania. Introduced from Europe, where it occurs on thyme, clover and other low plants. Hail- weed. Hairweed. July-Sept. Cuscuta europaea L., another Old World species, with obtuse calyx-lobes and shorter styles, is recorded from Maine. 3. Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich. Field Dodder. Love-vine. Fig. 3444. Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 77. As synonym. 1834. Plant pale yellow ; stems filiform, the flowers nearly sessile in small clusters. Calyx broad, S-lobed, the lobes broad, obtuse; corolla nearly campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes acute or acumi- nate, as long as the tube, their tips reflexed, its scales large, ovate, as long as or longer than the tube, densely fringed all around with short irregular processes ; stamens not ex- serted ; style shorter than the ovary ; stigmas capitate ; capsule depressed-globose, indehis- cent, the withering corolla and usually the stamens persistent at it's base. On various herbs and low shrubs, Massachusetts to Manitoba, Florida, Texas, Mexico and Cali- fornia. Also in the West Indies and South Amer- ica. July- Aug. 4. Cuscuta Polygonorum Engelm. Smart- weed Dodder. Fig. 3445. Cuscuta Polygonorum Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43 : 342. pi. 6. f. 26-29. 1842. C. chlorocarpa Engelm.; A. Gray. Man. 350. 1848. Plant orange-yellow ; stems slender but rather coarse; flowers sessile or nearly so in dense clus- ters. Calyx short, 4-5-lobed, the lobes ovate- oblong, acute or acutish ; lobes of the corolla 4 or 5, triangular-ovate, acute, mostly as long as the tube, the scales usually obsolete, wanting, or consisting of only 2 or 3 slender processes on each side of the attached lower portion of the filament; filaments mostly slender; styles shorter than the ovary ; stigmas capitate ; capsule globose, the withering corolla persistent at its base. On Polygonum and other herbs, Pennsylvania and Delaware to Minnesota, Wisconsin and Arkansas. July-Sept. Has been referred to the South Amer- ican C. obtusiftora H.B.K. CUSCUTACEAE. VOL. III. 5. Cuscuta indecora Choisy. Pretty Dodder. Fig. 3446. Cuscuta indecora Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 9: 278. pl.3-f.5- 1841. C. pulcherrima Scheele, Linnaea 21: 750. 1848. Cuscuta decora Choisy ; Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. i : 501. 1859. Stems rather stout; flowers \\" long, pedi- celled in loose cymes, more or less papillose. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate to lanceolate, acute, mostly shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes trian- gular, minutely crenulate, spreading, nearly as long as the tube, their tips inflexed ; scales ovate, erect, irregularly fringed with short processes all around; stamens slightly exserted or included ; stigmas capitate ; capsule oblong, acute, enveloped by the withering corolla. On various herbs and low shrubs, Illinois to Nebraska, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico, in several races. Also in the West Indies and South America. Corolla white ; stigmas often yellow or purple. June-Aug. 6. Cuscuta Coryli Engelm. Hazel Dod- der. Fig. 3447. Cuscuta Coryli Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 337. /. 7-1 1. 1842. Cuscuta inflexa Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. i : 502. 1859. Stems, coarse; flowers about i" long, pedi- celled in loose or rather dense cymes. Calyx 4-5-lobed, the lobes triangular or triangular- lanceolate, acutish, about as long as the corolla- tube ; corolla campanulate, 4-5-lobed, the lobes minutely crenulate. nearly erect, triangular, acute, about as long as the tube, their tips inflexed; scales small, oval, obtuse, often with only a few processes on each side; stamens scarcely exserted ; styles shorter than the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule oblong, point- ed, enveloped or at length capped by the with- ering corolla. On the hazels and other shrubs or tall herbs, Connecticut to Virginia, South Dakota and Arkan- sas. July-Aug. 7. Cuscuta Cephalanthi Engelm. Button- bush Dodder. Fig. 3448. Cuscuta Cephalanthi Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43 : 336. pi. 6. f. 1-6. 1842. Cuscuta tenuiftora Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. 350. 1848. Plant yellow, stems rather coarse; flowers about i" long, short-pedicelled, clustered; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, obtuse, shorter than the corolla-tube ; corolla cylindric-campanulate, its lobes ovate, obtuse and rounded, spreading, one-half the length of the tube or less ; scales about as long as the lobes, fringed mainly toward the apex with irregular pro- cesses; stamens included; styles slender, about as long as the ovary, shorter than the ripe capsule; stigmas capitate; capsule depressed-globose, li" in diameter, surrounded or capped by the withering, at length deciduous corolla. On shrubs and tall herbs, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Texas and Arizona. July-Aug. GENUS I. DODDER FAMILY 8. Cuscuta Gronovii Willd. Gronovius' Dodder. Love-vine. Fig. 3449. C. Gronovii Willd.; R. & S. Syst. 6: 205. 1820. Cuscuta vulgivaga Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43 : 338. pi. 6. f. 12-16. 1842. Stems yellow to orange, slender, high-climb- ing; flowers usually short-pedicelled, numerous in dense cymes. Calyx not bracted, its lobes ovate, obtuse, shorter than the corolla-tube ; corolla campanulate, about i4" long, the lobes ovate, obtuse, rounded, spreading, nearly as long as the tube, the scales narrow, equalling or longer than the tube, thickly fringed about the summit and sparingly along the sides with long slender processes ; styles slender, not as long as the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule globose, short-pointed or pointless, ij" in diam- eter, enveloped or capped by the withering deciduous corolla. On herbs and low shrubs, Nova Scotia to Mani- toba, Montana, Florida and Texas. Scald-weed. Devil's-gut July-Aug. 9. Cuscuta rostrata Shuttlw. Beaked Dodder. Fig. 3450. Cuscuta rostrata Shuttlw. ; Engelm. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 : 225. 1845. Stems coarse, yellowish white ; flowers larger than in any of our other species, loosely cy- mose, pedicelled. Calyx gamosepalous, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate-triangular, shorter than the corolla-tube ; corolla campanulate, 2"-3" long, white, its lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, about as long as the calyx-lobes; scales narrow, some- times spatulate, shorter than the tube, heavily fringed at the summit and sparingly along the sides with long slender processes ; stamens in- cluded; styles slender, about as long as the flask-shaped ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule oval, long-beaked. On herbs and shrubs, Maryland to South Caro- lina and Georgia. July-Sept. 10. Cuscuta cuspidata Engelm. Cuspidate Dodder. Fig. 3451. Cuscuta citspidala Engelm. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5 : 224. 1845. Plant yellowish; stems slender; flowers about 1 4" long in loose panicled cymes. Calyx of 5 distinct entire sepals, shorter than the corolla- tube, with 2-4 similar bracts at its base and often others on the pedicels; sepals orbicular to lanceo- late, cuspidate, mucronate or acuminate ; corolla nearly salverform, its lobes triangular-lanceolate or oblong, acute or cuspidate, spreading, about one-half the length of the tube; scales narrow, usually less than one-half as long as the tube, fringed all around with short irregular processes ; stamens not exserted; styles very selnder, longer than the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule bearing the withered corolla on its summit. On coarse herbs, Nebraska to Missouri and Texas, July-Sept. CUSCUTACEAE. VOL. III. ii. Cuscuta compacta Juss. Compact Dodder. Love-vine. Fig. 3452. Cuscuta compacta Juss. ; Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 9 : 281. t. 4. f. 2. 1841. Plant yellowish white, stems rather stout ; flow- ers about 2" long, closely sessile in dense clusters. Calyx of 5 (rarely 4) distinct oval crenulate ob- tuse sepals, subtended by 3-5 similar rhombic- orbicular appressed serrulate bracts ; corolla sal- verform, persistent, the tube cylindric, its 5 (rarely 4) lobes oblong or ovate, obtuse, spread- ing, much shorter than the tube, the scales nar- row, one-half the length of the tube, fringed with numerous long processes ; stamens included ; styles slender; capsule oblong, enveloped or capped by the withering corolla. On shrubs, Ontario to Massachusetts, New York and Alabama, west to Kansas and Texas. July-Sept. 12. Cuscuta paradoxa Raf. Glomerate or American Dodder. Fig. 3453. Cuscuta paradoxa Raf. Ann. Nat. 13. 1820. Cuscuta glomcrata Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 9: 184. pi. 4. f. I. 1841. Plant yellowish white, stems slender ; flowers sessile, i \" long, exceedingly numerous in dense confluent clusters covering portions of the stem of the host-plant. Calyx of 5 distinct corcave oblong obtuse serrulate sepals, subtended by 8-15 narrower serrulate much imbricated bracts with recurved tips ; corolla tube oblong-cylin- dric, its lobes oblong-lanceolate or triangular- lanceolate, obtuse, spreading or recurved, per- sistent ; scales copiously fringed at the summit and sparingly along the sides with numerous long processes ; styles 2-4 times as long as the ovary; capsule capped by the withering corolla. On tall herbs, mainly Compositae, Ohio to South Dakota, Nebraska and Texas. July-Sept. T805. Family 22. POLEMONIACEAE DC. Fl. Franc. 3 : 645. PHLOX FAMILY. Herbs, some species slightly woody, with alternate or opposite entire lobed or dissected leaves. Flowers perfect, corymbose-capitate, cymose or paniculate, reg- ular, or nearly regular. Calyx inferior, persistent, tubular or campanulate, 5-cleft, the lobes or teeth slightly imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, funnel form, saucer- shaped, campanulate or rotate, the limb 5-parted, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; filaments slender or filiform; anthers ovate, oblong or linear, versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudi- nally dehiscent. Ovary superior, mostly 3-celled; ovules 2-00 in each cavity, amphitropous ; style simple filiform; stigmas 3, linear. Capsule mostly loculi- cidally 3-valved. Seeds various, sometimes winged, sometimes enveloped in muci- lage and emitting spiral tubes when wetted; endosperm abundant ; embryo straight ; cotyledons flat; radicle inferior. About 20 genera and over 200 species, most abundant in western America. Calyx distended and at length ruptured by the ripening capsule. Calyx scarious between the lobes. Corolla salverform ; leaves opposite, entire. Seeds not mucilaginous when wetted ; mostly perennials with large flowers ; leaves opposite. i. Phlox. Seeds mucilaginous when wetted ; annuals ; floral leaves alternate ; flowers small. 2. Microsteris. Corolla funnelform, tubular, salverform or campanulate ; leaves alternate or opposite. 3. Gilia. Calyx not scarious between the lobes ; leaves alternate, deeply cleft. 4. Leptodactylon. GENUS I. PHLOX FAMILY. 53 Calyx not distended nor ruptured by the capsule ; leaves alternate. Calyx-teeth herbaceous, not spinulose-tipped. Stamens declined ; leaves pinnate. Stamens straight and leaves entire in our species. Calyx-teeth spinulose-tipped ; leaves pinnatifid. 5. Polemonium. 6. Collomla. 7. Naverretia. i. PHLOX L. Sp. PI. 151. 1753. Perennial or rarely annual, erect or diffuse herbs, with opposite entire leaves, or some of the upper ones alternate, and large blue purple red or white flowers, in terminal cymes or cymose panicles. Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, 5-ribbed, 5-cleft, the lobes acute or acuminate, mostly scarious-margined and the sinuses commonly scarious. Corolla salver- form, the tube narrow, the limb 5-lobed; lobes obovate, orbicular or obcordate, spreading. Stamens straight, short, unequally inserted on the corolla-tube, included. Ovary oblong or ovoid, 3-celled ; style usually slender ; ovules 1-4 in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, 3-valved, at length distending and rupturing the calyx-tube. Seeds usually only i in each cavity of the capsule, ovoid, wingless or narrowly winged, not emitting spiral threads when wetted. [Greek, flame.] About 40 species, natives of North America and Russian Asia, many of them widely cultivated. Besides the following, some 24 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Type species : Phlox glaberrima L. Leaves flat, ovate, oblong, lanceolate or linear. Cymes panicled ; flowers short-pedicelled or sessile. Calyx-teeth subulate. Stem glabrous or puberulent ; leaves lanceolate to oblong. i. P. paniculata. Stem villous, glandular above ; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate. 2. P. amplifolia. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute ; leaves lanceolate or ovate, acuminate. 3. P. maculata. Cymes corymbose, simple, or flowers scattered. Flowering stems erect or ascending, simple. Plants glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate or oblong ; calyx-teeth acute. 4. P. ovata. Leaves lanceolate or linear ; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate. 5. P. glaberrima. Plants pubescent, hirsute or villous. Stems erect or ascending ; no prostrate sterile shoots. Leaves linear or lanceolate, acuminate, spreading. 6. P. pilosci. Leaves linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, nearly erect. 7. P. amoena. Stems ascending or reclining ; sterile shoots prostrate. Lower leaves and those of the sterile shoots oblong or ovate. 8. P. divaricata. Lower leaves and those of the sterile shoots obovate. 9. P. stolonifera, Stems diffusely branched, usually creeping ; leaves narrow. Corolla-lobes cleft to or about the middle. 10. P. bifida. Corolla-lobes cleft only at the apex. 1 1. P. Stcllaria. Corolla-lobes rounded; western. 12. P.Kelseyi. Leaves subulate, fascicled or crowded ; plants low. Stems creeping or ascending ; flowers cymose ; eastern. Corolla-lobes shallowly emarginate; plant not glandular. 13. P.subulata. Corolla-lobes deeply emarginate; upper part of plant glandular. 14. P.Brittonii. Densely tufted ; flowers mostly solitary ; western. Leaves densely white-woolly, i" long; plant moss-like. IS- P.bryoides. Leaves less woolly or merely ciliate, 2" 6" long. Corolla-tube shorter than or equalling the calyx. 16. P.Hoodn. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx. 17- P.Douglasn. i. Phlox paniculata L. Garden Phlox. Fig. 3454- Phlox paniculata L. Sp. PI. 151. 1753. Stem erect, stout or slender, simple or branched above, glabrous or puberulent, 2-6 high. Leaves thin, sessile or short-petioled, oblong to oblong-lanceo- late, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, or the uppermost subcordate, 2-6' long, i'-ii' wide ; flowers short-pedicelled in compact paniculate cymules, the inflorescence often 12' long; calyx-teeth subulate, glabrous, puberulent or glandular, more than one-half as long as the tube; corolla pink, purple or white, its lobes broadly obovate, rounded, entire, shorter than its tube ; capsule oval, obtuse, slightly longer than the ruptured calyx-tube. In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Florida, Illinois, Kansas and Louisiana. Freely escaped from gardens in the north and east. Consists of many races, differing in leaf-form, size and color of flowers, and in pubescence. July-Sept. POLEMONIACEAE. VOL. III. 2. Phlox amplifolia Britton. Large-leaved Phlox. Fig. 3455. Phlox amplifolia Britton, Man. 757. 1901. Stem yillous or glandular-villous, at least above, 2-3i high. Leaves large and broad, 2i'-6' long, ii'-2i' wide, roughish above, the upper sessile, the lower ones, or some of them, narrowed, usually abruptly, into winged petioles which are sometimes one-third as long as the blade ; flowers similar to those of P. pan'.culata, the inflorescence often i long; calyx glandular-villous; corolla-tube glabrous, the lobes obovate, rounded or retuse; capsules 4"~5" long. Woods and thickets, Indiana to Missouri, Kentucky and Tennessee. June-Aug. Phlox maculata L. Wild Sweet- William. Fig. 3456. Phlox maculata L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753. Phlox suaveolens Ait. Hort. Kew. i : 206. 1789. Stem slender, erect, simple or branched above, glabrous or puberulent, usually flecked with pur- ple, iJ-3 high. Leaves lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, rather firm, long- acuminate, sessile, rounded or subcordate at the base, 2'~5' long, widest just above the base, the lowest sometimes linear-lanceolate; flowers short-pedicelled, the compact cymules forming an elongated narrow thyrsoid panicle ; calyx- teeth triangular-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, about one-fourth the length of the tube; corolla pink or purple, rarely white, its lobes rounded, shorter than the tube ; capsule similar to that of the two preceding species. In moist woods and along streams, Connecticut to Florida, Ohio, Minnesota and Mississippi. Oc- casionally escaped from gardens further north. P. maculata var. Candida Michx. (P. suaveolens Ait.) is a race with white flowers and unspotted stem, occurring with the type. June-Aug. Y\ 4. Phlox ovata L. Mountain Phlox. Fig- 3457- Phlox ovata L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753. Phlox Carolina L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 216. 1762. Glabrous or nearly so throughout; stems sim- ple, slender, ascending from a decumbent base, i-2 hisrh. Leaves rather firm, the upper ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile by a rounded or sub- cordate base, acute at the apex, i'-2' long, the lower and basal ones longer, oblong or ovate- oblong, acute at both ends, narrowed into slender often margined petioles ; flowers short-pedicelled in corymbed or sometimes simple cymes ; calyx- teeth lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, one-third to one-half the length of the tube ; corolla pink or red, its lobes obovate, rounded, entire. In woods, Pennsylvania to North Carolina, Geor- gia and Alabama, mostly in the mountains. May-Aug. GENUS i. PHLOX FAMILY. 5. Phlox glaberrima L. Smooth Phlox. Fig- 3458. Phlox glaberrima L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753. Glabrous or nearly so throughout; stem simple, slender, erect or ascending, i-3 high. Leaves lan- ceolate or linear, rather firm, mostly i-nerved, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, ii'-4' long, 2"-6" wide, sessile, or the lowest linear or ob- long, obtusish, shorter, and short -petioled ; flowers short-pedicelled, the cymules corymbed ; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate, one-third to one-half the length of the tube ; corolla commonly pink, its lobes obo- vate, rounded or obcordate, longer than the tube. In open woods and on prairies, Virginia to Illinois, Wisconsin, Florida, Mississippi, Missouri and Arkansas. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. May-July. 6. Phlox pilosa L. Downy or Prairie Phlox. Fig. 3459. Phlox pilosa L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753. Soft downy or hairy, often glandular ; stem erect or ascending, simple or branched, slen- der, i-2 high. Leaves linear or lanceolate, spreading or divaricate, long-acuminate, i'-4' long, ii"-4" wide, sessile, the base narrowed or rounded ; cymules corymbed ; flowers short- pedicelled; calyx glandular, viscid, its teeth setaceous-subulate, longer than the tube ; co- rolla pink, purple or white, its lobes obovate, entire, the tube usually pubescent; capsule shorter than the calyx. In dry soil, Ontario to Manitoba, Connecticut, New Jersey, Florida, Arkansas and Texas. Hairy phlox. Sweet-william. April-June. Phlox argillacea Gute & Ferriss is a recently described relative or race of this species, grow- ing on prairies in Indiana and Illinois. 7. Phlox amoena Sims. Hairy Phlox. Fig. 3460. Phlox amoena Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 1308. 1810. Usually quite hairy; stems simple, slender, ascend- ing, 6'-i8' high. Leaves linear-oblong to ovate- oblong, sessile, acute or obtuse at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, nearly erect, \'-2 r long, ii"-2$" wide, the lowest much shorter ; flowers very nearly sessile in a dense terminal simple or somewhat com- pound cyme, which is subtended by the uppermost pair of leaves ; calyx hirsute, its teeth subulate, as long as or shorter than the tube ; corolla pink or white, its lobes obovate, entire or rarely emarginate, shorter than the glabrous tube. In dry soil, Virginia to Kentucky, Tennessee, Florida and Alabama. April-June. POLEMONIACEAE. VOL. III. 8. Phlox divaricata L. Wild Blue Phlox. Fig. 3461. Phlox divaricata L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753. Finely viscid-pubescent ; stems ascending or diffuse, slender, producing creeping or ascend- ing leafy shoots from the base. Leaves of the sterile shoots oblong or ovate, obtuse, i'-2 r long, those of the flowering stems lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, mostly acute or acutish ; flowers pedicelled in open corymbed cymules, faintly fragrant ; calyx-teeth subu- late, longer than the tube ; corolla bluish, its lobes obcordate, emarginate or entire, not much longer than the tube, sometimes shorter; capsule oblong-globose, about 2" high. In moist woods, Quebec to Ontario, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas. Ascends to 3700 ft. in Virginia. Sometimes called wild sweet william. April-June. 9. Phlox stolonifera Sims. Crawling Phlox. Fig. 3462. Phlox stolonifera Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 563. 1802. Phlox rep tans Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 145. 1803. Hirsute or pubescent ; stems slender, diffuse, producing sterile creeping leafy shoots from the base. Leaves of the sterile shoots obovate, obtuse at the apex, I'-tf long, narrowed at the base into petioles; flowering stems 4'-io' high, their leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute or obtuse, smaller ; flowers in a simple or barely compound cyme, slender-pedicelled ; calyx-teeth linear-subulate, as long as the tube or longer; corolla pink, purple or violet, its lobes rounded, mostly entire, about one-half the length of the tube; capsule subglo- bose, ii" high. In woods, Pennsylvania to Georgia and Kentucky, mainly in the mountains. Ascends to 4500 ft. in Virginia. April-June. 10. Phlox bifida Beck. Cleft Phlox. Fig- 3463- P. bifida Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. n : 170. 1826. Puberulent or pubescent ; stems diffuse, somewhat woody, much branched, slender, often i long, the branches erect or ascend- ing, 4'-8' high. Leaves of sterile shoots linear, sessile, i'-2' long, i"-2" wide, acute, those of flowering branches linear-oblong or lanceolate, much shorter; flowers in simple cymes or solitary in the axils, slender-pedi- celled; pedicels 3"-i2" long; calyx-teeth lan- ceolate-subulate, somewhat longer than the tube ; corolla pale purple, it's lobes as long as the tube or somewhat shorter, cuneate, cleft to about the middle into linear or oblong obtuse diverging segments ; capsule oblong- globose, i"-ii" high. In dry places, Indiana to Tennessee, Michigan and Missouri. April-June. GENUS i. PHLOX FAMILY ii. Phlox Stellaria A. Gray. Chick- weed Phlox. Fig. 3464. Phlox Stellaria A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 : 252. 1870. Glabrous or puberulent; stems diffuse, some- what woody, much branched, the branches nearly erect, 3'-8' high. Leaves all linear, or linear-lanceolate, sessile, acute, i'-2' long, i"-ii" wide; flowers in simple cymes or soli- tary in the axils, slender-pedicelled ; calyx- teeth subulate-lanceolate, shorter than the tube; corolla pale blue or nearly white, its lobes cuneate, 2-lobed at the apex, nearly as long as the tube. On cliffs, southern Illinois and Kentucky and in Tennessee. April-May. 12. Phlox Kelseyi Britton. Kelsey's Phlox. Fig. 3465. P. Kelseyi Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 19 : 225. 1892. Many-stemmed from a woody root, the stems spreading, creeping, or ascending, some- times 8' long, glabrous, or slightly pubescent above, very leafy. Leaves oblong, or linear- oblong, sessile, glabrous, or nearly so 3"-i2" long, i "-2" wide, or the upper longer and narrower, thick, rigid, the apex spinose- mucronate, the revolute margins ciliate ; flow- ers sessile or short-peduncled; peduncles and calyx somewhat glandular-pubescent or gla- brous; calyx-teeth subulate, as long as the tube or longer ; corolla-tube somewhat exceed- ing the calyx, the limb about 8" broad, blue or lilac, the obovate-cuneate lobes rounded or truncate. North Dakota to Nebraska, Montana and Wyo- ming. May-June. 13. Phlox subulata L. Ground or Moss Pink. Fig. 3466. Phlox subulata L. Sp. PI. 152. 1753. Pubescent or becoming glabrate. Stems tufted, forming mats, diffuse, much branched, the branches 2'-6' long. Leaves persistent, subulate- linear, linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or acuminate, 4"-io" long, i"-i" wide, spreading, ciliate, r igid, commonly fascicled at the nodes ; flowers in simple cymes, slender-pedicelled ; calyx-teeth subulate from a broader base, about as long as the tube ; corolla pink, purple or white, with a darker eye, its lobes emarginate or entire, shorter than the tube; capsule oblong, nearly 2" high. In dry sandy or rocky soil, New York to Florida, west to Michigan and Kentucky. Ascends to 3500 ft. in West Virginia. Wild or mountain-pink. Flower- ing moss. April-June. POLEMONIACEAE. VOL. III. 14. Phlox Brittonii Small. Britton's Phlox. Fig- 3467. Phlox Brittonii Small, Bull. Torr. Club 27: 279. 1900. Glandular-pilose, deep green ; stems copiously branched, forming wide mats. Leaves numerous, with small ones often clustered in the axils of the larger, subulate or narrowly linear-subulate, 2i"-s" long, ciliate, especially near the base ; calyx glandu- lar-pubescent like the branches, the lobes subulate, about as long as the tube ; corolla mainly white, the limb 12-13 mm. broad, its lobes cuneate, much shorter than the tube, with 2 pale magenta spots at the base, cleft by a V-shaped sinus, a minute tooth in each sinus ; capsule oblong, 2" high. On dry mountain slopes, Virginia, West Virginia and North Carolina. May. 15. Phlox bryoides Nutt. Moss Phlox. Fig. 3468. Phlox bryoides Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. (II.) i: 153. 1848. Depressed, shrubby, moss-like, densely branched from a deep woody root, forming compact tufts 2'-$' high. Leaves minute (about i" long), closely im- bricated in 4 ranks, copiously white-woolly, triangu- lar-lanceolate, pale, acute, the margins infolded; flowers solitary and sessile at the ends of the branches, about 2.\" long; tube of the corolla longer than the calyx, its lobes broadly cuneate, entire. On dry hills, western Nebraska, Colorado and Wyo- ming. May-July. 1 6. Phlox Hoodii Richards. Fig- 3469. Hood's Phlox. Phlox Hoodii Richards. App. Frank. Journ. 733. pi. 28. 1823. Densely tufted and branched from a woody root, 2'-4' high. Leaves imbricated, erect, rigid, subulate, mucronate, somewhat woolly or ciliate, becoming glabrat'e, 2 "-6" long; flowers solitary and sessile at the ends of the branches, about 5" long; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acuminate, rigid, longer than the tube; tube of the corolla shorter than or equalling the calyx, its lobes obovate, entire. In dry sandy or rocky soil. North Dakota to Mani- toba, Alberta, western Nebraska and Wyoming. May- July. GEN- us I. PHLOX FAMILY. 17. Phlox Douglasii Hook. Douglas' Phlox. Fig. 3470. P. Douglasii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 73. pi. 158. 1834. Phlox Douglasii andicola Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 269. 1894. Phlox Douglasii longifolia A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:254. 1870. Not P. longifolia Nutt. Similar to the preceding species ; leaves pubes- cent or glabrous, less imbricated, sometimes spreading, rigid, usually fascicled at the nodes, 4"-i2" long. Flowers solitary and sessile or short-pedicelled at the ends of the branches, 5"-8" long; calyx-teeth narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, about equalling the tube ; tube of the purple or white corolla longer than the calyx, its lobes obovate, entire. Dry soil, Nebraska and Montana to Utah, Cali- fornia and British Columbia. May-July. 2. MICROSTERIS Greene, Pittonia 3 : 300. 1898. Much-branched annual herbs, with entire leaves, all but the floral ones opposite, the small flowers solitary or in pairs in the upper axils. Calyx mostly campanulate, 5-cleft, scarious between, the lobes. Corolla salver form, with a slender tube and a 5-lobed limb. Stamens short. Ovary 3-celled. Capsule at length distending and rupturing the calyx-tube. Seeds few and large, mucilaginous when wetted, but not emitting spiral tubes. [Greek, small Steris.] About 6 species, of western North America. Type species : Microsteris grdcilis (Dougl.) Greene. i. Microsteris micrantha (Kellogg) Greene. Small-flowered Microsteris. Fig. 3471. Collomia micrantha Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. 3: 18. 1863. M. micrantha Greene, Pittonia 3: 303. 1898. Annual, pubescent, at length corymbpsely much branched, 2'-6' high, the branches ascending. Lower and basal leaves oblong to spatulate, obtuse, com- monly opposite and nearly sessile, the upper linear or lanceolate, sessile, i'-i' long, i"-2" wide, opposite or alternate, entire ; cymes i-s-flowered ; calyx-lobes linear-subulate, usually longer than the tube; corolla about 4" long, the tube yellowish, narrow, equalling or slightly longer than the calyx, the lobes purple or violet, short; ovules 2 or 3 in each cavity; capsule oblong, obtuse, as long as or longer than the calyx- tube. In dry or moist soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and California. In our first edition referred to the northwestern M. gracilis (Dougl.) Greene. April-Aug. 3. GILIA R. & P. Prodr. Fl. Per. 47. 1798. Herbs with opposite or alternate, entire pinnatifid palmatifid or dissected leaves. Flowers small or large, solitary, cymose, capitate, thyrsoid, or paniculate. Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the sinuses scarious. Corolla funnelform, tubular, campanulate, rotate or salverform, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, oblong, or obovate. Stamens equally or unequally inserted on the corolla, included or exserted. Ovary oblong or ovoid, 3-celled ; ovules solitary or several in each cavity. Capsule ovoid or oblong, 3-celled, at length dis- tending and rupturing the calyx. Seed-coat commonly mucilaginous when wetted, in some species emitting thread-like tubes. [Named for Philip Gil, a Spanish botanist.] About 100 species, natives of America. Besides the following, many others occur in the south- ern and western parts of North America. Type species : Gilia laciniata R. & P. Corolla funnel-form to salverform ; leaves pinnatifid or pinnately divided, the segments linear, not rigid. Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate or corymbose-paniculate. Corolla i'-2 r long; plants i-4 tall. Flowers paniculate, white. i. G.longiflora. Flowers narrowly thyrsoid, red. 2. G. aggregata. Corolla 3"-5" long, violet or blue. 3. G. pinnatifida. Flowers narrowly thyrsoid-spicate. 4. G. spicata. 6o POLEMOXIACEAE. VOL. III. Flowers in dense or capitate cymes, or heads ; flower-clusters leafy-bracted. Perennial ; corolla-tube not longer than the calyx. 5. G. ibcridifolia. Annual ; corolla-tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx. 6. G. pumila. Corolla rotate ; leaf-segments acicular. 7. G. acerosa. I. Gilia longiflora (Torr.) Don. White-flowered Gilia. Fig. 3472. Cantua longiflora Torr. Ann. Lye. 2: 221. 1827. Gilia longiflora Don, Gard. Diet. 4: 245. 1838. Collomia longifl. A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 : 261. 1870. Annual, glabrous, paniculately branched, i-2 high. Leaves all alternate, sessile, \'-2\' long, pin- nately divided into linear-filiform segments or the uppermost entire; flowers numerous, white, panicu- late, about 2 long ; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the tube ; corolla salverform, its tube narrow, 4 or 5 times as long as the orbicular or ovate, rounded or pointed, spreading lobes ; sta- mens unequally inserted; ovules 8-12 in each cell; capsule narrowly oblong, exceeding or equalling the calyx ; seed-coat mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and Ari- zona. May-Sept. Gilia rubra (L.) Heller (Gilia coronopifolia Pers.), a related species with less spreading corolla-lobes, is com- monly cultivated, and rarely escapes from gardens to roadsides and waste grounds. 2. Gilia aggregata (Pursh) Spreng. Scar- let Gilia. Fig. 3473. Cantua aggregata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 147. 1814. Gilia aggregata Spreng, Syst. i : 626. 1825. Biennial, pubescent or puberulent; stem simple or sparingly branched, 2-4 high, leafy at least below. Leaves alternate, the basal often tufted, mostly petioled, i'-3' long, pinnately parted into narrowly linear segments ; inflorescence narrowly thyrsoid-paniculate, often 12' long; flowers ses- sile or very nearly so in small peduncled clusters, scarlet or red ; corolla tubular-funnelform, the tube i'-ii' long, slightly thicker upward, the limb cleft into ovate or lanceolate acute or acuminate spreading or recurved lobes; stamens unequally or about equally inserted in the throat ; ovules numerous ; seeds mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. In dry soil, western Nebraska (according to . Coulter) to Texas and Mexico, west to British Columbia and California. June-Aug. 3. Gilia pinnatifida Nutt. Small-flowered Gilia. Fig. 3474. Gilia pinnatifida Nutt. ; A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 : 276. 1870. Biennial or perennial from a deep root, much branched, viscid-glandular, 6'-2 high. Leaves thick, pinnatifid, the basal tufted, i'-3' long, the segments linear-oblong, sometimes toothed, ob- tuse or acutish, 2"-6" long, those of the stem alternate, smaller, the uppermost minute and en- tire ; flowers very numerous, small, paniculate, some sessile, some petioled ; calyx 5-lobed. the lobes lanceolate to ovate; corolla salverform, 3 "-5" long, the limb violet or blue, its white tube longer than the calyx and its pboyate lobes ; sta- mens exserted ; seeds not mucilaginous nor emit- ting spiral threads when wetted. In sandy soil, western Nebraska anJ Wyoming to New Mexico. Has been mistaken for G. inconspicua, June-Aug. GENUS 3. PHLOX FAMILY. 61 4 Gilia spicata Nutt. Spicate Gilia. Fig. 3475. Cilia spicata Nutt Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (II.) i : 156. 1848. Perennial, woolly-tomentose ; stems erect, rather stout, simple, solitary, or 2-4 from the woody root, 6'-i8' high. Leaves alternate, narrowly linear, pinnately parted into 3-5 linear segments, or some or many of them entire, i'-2' long; flowers in an elongated narrow spicate thyrsus, sessile in small clusters, purplish, 4"-6" long; tube of the corolla somewhat exceeding the calyx, con- siderably longer than the ovate-oblong lobes ; calyx- lobes acuminate; anthers equally inserted in the throat. In dry soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming and Utah. May-Aug. Gilia iberidifolia Benth. Round-headed Gilia. Fig. 3476. Cilia iberidifolia Benth. in Hook. Kew. Journ. Bot. 3 : 290. 1851. Perennial by a deep root, woolly-tomentose, at least when young, branched from the base or also above, 3'-i8' high. Leaves mostly petioled, -2' long, pinnately divided into 3-9 narrowly linear sharp-pointed segments, or the uppermost entire; flowers white, densely capitate-clustered, 2" 3" long, the clusters bracted by the upper leaves, i'-i' broad, sometimes corymbed ; calyx-lobes awn-like; corolla-tube about the length of the calyx, slightly longer than the oval lobes ; fila- ments equally inserted in or below the sinuses of the corolla; ovules 1-4 in each cavity. In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Colorado, California, Montana and Idaho. In our first edition included in the similar G. congesta Hook. May-Aug. 6. Gilia pumila Nutt. Low Gilia. Fig. 3477. Cilia pumila Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (II.) i: 156. 1848. Annual, branched from the base and sometimes also above, woolly at least when young, 3'-8' high. Leaves alternate, thick, i'-i' long, pinnately di- vided into linear mucronulate sometimes lobed segments, or the uppermost entire ; flowers in dense or at length looser simple or compound cymes, sessile ; corolla 3 "-4" long, its tube about 3 times the length of the lobes and twice as long as the calyx ; calyx-lobes awn-like ; stamens in- serted in or below the sinuses of the corolla, somewhat exserted; ovules 5 or 6 in each cavity. In dry soil, western Nebraska to Texas, Idaho, Nevada and New Mexico. April-June. Gilia tricolor Benth., of California, admitted into our first edition as recorded escaped from gardens to roadsides at Lincoln, Nebraska, is not known to have become established within our area. POLEMOXIACEAE. VOL. III. 7. Gilia acerosa (A. Gray) Britton. Needle-leaved Gilia. Fig. 3478. G. rigidula var. acerosa A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 : 280. 1870. Gilia acerosa Britton, Man. 761. 1901. Perennial, from a woody base, 4'-7' high, glandular-pubes- cent, bushy-branched, the slender branches erect-ascending. Leaves i' long or less, pinnately parted into 3-7 acicular en- tire segments; flowers scattered, on slender pedicels i' long or less ; corolla rotate, about 10" wide, its lobes rounded at the apex, abruptly contracted at the base; filaments filiform; anthers oblong; capsule about as long as the calyx-tube. Rocky and gravelly soil, Kansas to Texas, Mexico and New Mexico. April-Aug. 4. LEPTODACTYLON H. & A. Bot. Beech. Voy. 369. 1841. Low perennial herbs, somewhat woody, with alternate deeply pinnatifid or palmatifid leaves, their segments subulate and spinescent, the rather large flowers terminal, clustered or solitary. Calyx 4-5-lobed, the lobes spinescent, the sinuses not scarious but membranous. Corolla funnel form, 4-5-lobed, the lobes somewhat spreading Stamens short. Capsule at length distending the calyx-tube, many-seeded. [Greek, referring to the deeply divided leaves.] Three or four species, natives of western North America. Type species : Lcptodactylon cali- fornicum H. & A. i. Leptodactylon caespitosum Nutt. Tufted Sharp-leaved Gilia. Fig. 3479. L. caespitosum Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. II. i : 157. 1847. Gilia pungens caespitosa A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 : 268. 1870. Gilia caespitosa A. Nelson, Bull. Torr. Club 25 : 546. 1898. Not A. Gray. Much branched and tufted from a thick buried woody base, 3'-s' high. Leaves densely fascicled and imbricated, 3~5-parted, 4" long or less, the seg- ments subulate, spinulose-tipped, glabrous, or the margins ciliate ; bases of the old leaves persistent; calyx about half as long as the corolla-tube, 4-lobed, the lobes subulate; corolla white or yellowish, sal- verform, the tube about 6" long, the limb 4-lobed; stamens 4. Dry bluffs, western Nebraska and Wyoming. June- Sept. Leptodactylon pungens Nutt. [Gilia pungens (Torr.) Benth.], of western North America, illus- trated in our first edition, where the above species was regarded as a variety of it, is not known to occur within our area. GENUS 5. PHLOX FAMILY. 5. POLEMONIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 162. 1753. Perennial or rarely annual herbs, with alternate pinnate membranous leaves, and mostly large cymose-paniculate or thyrsoid flowers. Calyx herbaceous, not angled nor ribbed, cam- panulate, 5-cleft to about the middle, accrescent in fruit, the segments lanceolate or ovate, entire, erect or connivent over the capsule. Corolla tubular-campanulate or funnelform, rarely rotate, blue, white or yellow, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens about equally inserted near the base of the corolla, declined, the filaments slender, often pilose at the base. Ovary ovoid; ovules few or several in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, obtuse, 3-valved. Seeds wingless, or narrowly winged, mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. [Name not explained.] About 15 species, natives of the cooler parts of the north temperate zone. Besides the follow- ing, some 10 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species: Polemonium coeruleum L. Anthers exserted ; flowers 8"-io" broad ; stem erect. i. P. Van Bruntiae. Anthers included ; flowers s"-6" broad ; stem reclining. 2. p. reptans. i. Polemonium Van Bruntiae Britton. American Jacob's Ladder. Fig. 3480. Polemonium coeruleum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 4, App. 1863. Not L. 1753. Polemonium Van Bruntiae Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 19: 224. pi. 131. 1892. Rootstock stout, horizontal, clothed with fibrous roots. Stems erect, glabrous below, somewhat glandular-pubescent above, ii-2$ high, leafy to the top ; leaflets of the lower leaves short-stalked or sessile, ovate or lanceolate, acute, i'-ii' long, those of the upper fewer, the uppermost leaves 3-5-foliolate or simple; cymose clusters panicled or solitary, rather loosely 3-5-flowered ; pedicels 2" -4" long; flowers bluish-purple, 8"-io" broad; corolla- lobes rounded ; calyx 5-lobed to about the middle, much enlarged in fruit, the lobes acute; stamens exserted ; ovules 3 or 4 in each cavity ; capsule sev- eral-seeded. In swamps and along streams, Vermont and northern New York to Maryland. Differs from the Old World P. coeruleum L. in its stout rootstocks, more leafy stem, exserted stamens, and rounded corolla-lobes. May- July. 2. Polemonium reptans L. Greek Valerian. Blue-bell. Fig. 3481. Polemonium reptans L. Syst. Ed. 10, no. i. 1759. Glabrous or very nearly so throughout, usually not more than i high; stems weak, slender, at length reclining or diffuse, the rootstock short. Leaflets oblong, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate-oblong, i'-ii' long, the uppermost leaves 3-5-foliolate or simple ; flowers blue, s"-8" broad ; calyx 5-lobed, its lobes obtuse or acute; stamens not exserted; ovules 3 or 4 in each cavity ; seeds about 3 in each capsule. In woods, New York to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Kansas. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. April- May. American abscess-root. Sweat-root. American- or creeping great-valerian. 6. COLLOMIA Nutt. Gen. i : 126. 1818. Annual or rarely perennial herbs, with alternate mostly entire leaves, and purple white or reddish capitate or cymose flowers. Calyx obpyramidal or cup-shaped, 5-cleft, scarious in the sinuses, accrescent in fruit, not distended by nor ruptured by the ripening capsule, its 6 4 POLEMONIACEAE. VOL. III. lobes lanceolate or triangular, entire, erect, the sinuses often at length enlarged into a revo- lute lobe. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform, the limb 5-lobed, spreading, the lobes obtuse. Stamens unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla, mostly straight, the filaments unequal. Ovules I or few in each cavity. Capsule oval to obovoid. Seeds of most species mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. [Greek, gluten, referring to the glutinous seeds when wetted.] About 15 species, natives of western America. Besides the following typical one, some 10 others occur in the western United States and British Columbia. i. Collomia linearis Nutt. Narrow-leaved Collomia. Fig. 3482. Collomia linearis Nutt. Gen. i : 126. 1818. Cilia linearis A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17 : 223. 1882. Annual, viscid-puberulent ; stem erect, leafy, sim- ple or branched, slender, 3'-i8' high. Leaves linear- oblong, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire, acumi- nate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, or the lower short-petioled, \'-2\' long, i$"-6" wide; flowers 5"-?" long, numerous in terminal capitate leafy-bracted clusters; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceo- late, acute; corolla light purple or nearly white, the tube very slender, longer than the calyx, the lobes i "-2" long; capsule at maturity about as long as the calyx. In dry soil, Manitoba to Minnesota and Nebraska, west to British Columbia, Arizona and California. Also in Quebec and New Brunswick. May-Aug. 7. NAVARRETIA R. & P. Fl. Per. 2 : 8. 1799. Annual glabrous or viscid-pubescent herbs, with alternate spinose-pinnatifid leaves, or the lowest entire, and numerous small flowers in dense terminal bracted clusters. Calyx prismatic or obpyramidal, the tube S-angled, 5-cleft, not accrescent in fruit, not distended by nor ruptured by the ripening capsule, the sinuses scarious, the lobes mostly unequal, erect or spreading, spiny-tipped, entire, or often toothed. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform, 5-lobed, the lobes oval or oblong. Stamens straight or declined, equally inserted in or below the throat of the corolla. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules solitary, few or several in each cavity. Capsule i-3-celled, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds mostly mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. [In honor of Navarrete, a Spanish physician.] About 24 species, natives of western America. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the western United States. Type species : Navarretia involucrata R. & P. i. Navarretia minima Nutt. Small Navar- retia. Fig. 3483. Navarretia minima Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (II.) i: 160. 1848. Cilia minima A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 269. 1870. Depressed, tufted, somewhat pubescent; stem usu- ally branched, I'-T,' high. Leaves sessile, i'-i' long, i-2-pinnatifid into almost filiform rigid acicular seg- ments; flowers about 2" long, white, densely capi- tate; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, mostly toothed, about as long as the tube and equalling the corolla, the sinuses more or less white-pubescent; calyx-tube about equalling the indehiscent i-6-seeded capsule. In dry soil, Nebraska and South Dakota to Washing- ton and Arizona. Summer. GENUS i. WATER-LEAF FAMILY. Family 23. HYDROPHYLLACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 271. 1836. WATER-LEAF FAMILY. Herbs, mostly hirsute, pubescent or scabrous, with alternate or basal, rarely opposite leaves, and perfect regular 5-parted flowers, in scorpioid cymes, spikes or racemes, or rarely solitary. Calyx inferior, deeply cleft or divided, the sinuses sometimes appendaged. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, salverform, campan- ulate, or rotate. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube or base of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes; filaments filiform; anthers ovate, oblong, or linear, mostly versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular or none. Ovary superior, 2-celled, or i-celled with 2 placentae; styles 2, separate, or partly united; stigmas small, terminal; ovules few or numerous, anatropous or amphitropous. Capsule i-2-celled, mostly loculicidally 2-valved, rarely septicidally or irregularly dehiscent. Seeds oblong, globose, or angular, usually pitted, rugose or reticu- lated; endosperm fleshy or cartilaginous; embryo small; cotyledons half-terete or plano-convex. About 17 genera and 175 species, mostly natives of western North America. Styles united below; ovary i-celled; leaves mostly lobed or dentate. Corolla-lobes convolute (rarely imbricated) in the bud ; placentae dilated. Stamens exserted. i. Hydrophyllum. Stamens not exserted. Sinuses of the calyx appendaged. 2. Nemophila. Calyx much enlarged in fruit, its sinuses not appendaged. 3. Nyctelea. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud ; placentae narrow. 4. Phacelia. Styles distinct to the base ; ovary 2-celled ; leaves entire. 5. Nama. i. HYDROPHYLLUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 146. 1753. Perennial or biennial herbs, with large lobed pinnatifid or pinnately divided leaves, and rather large, white blue or purple flowers, in terminal or lateral peduncled more or less scorpioid cymes. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the segments lanceolate or subulate, the sinuses naked or appendaged. Corolla tubular-campanulate or campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes con- volute in the bud, each with a linear appendage within, which extends to the base of the corolla and is incurved into a groove. Stamens 5, exserted ; filaments pilose below or at the base ; anthers linear or oblong, versatile. Ovary i-celled, hispid-pubescent ; placentae fleshy, dilated so as to nearly fill the cavity, free from the ovary-wall except at the top and bottom, each enclosing 2 ovules ; styles united nearly to the summit. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds 1-4, globose-obovoid. [Greek, water-leaf, referring to the supposed cavity for water in each leaf.] About 12 species, natives of North America. Type species: Hydrophyllum virginianutn L. Leaves, at least the lower, pinnatifid or pinnately divided. Calyx not appendaged in the sinuses or scarcely so. Plant sparingly pubescent ; leaf-segments acute. i. H. virginianum. Plant villous-hirsute ; leaf-segments blunt. 2. H. macrophyllum. Calyx with a reflexed appendage in each sinus. 3. H. appendiculatum. Leaves palmately s-g-lobed. 4. H. canadense. I. Hydrophyllum virginianum L. Vir- ginia Water-leaf. Fig. 3484. H. virginianum L. Sp. PI. 146. 1753. Perennial by scaly rootstocks ; stems slender, glabrous or nearly so, simple or sparingly branched, ascending or erect, rather weak, i-3 long. Lower and basal leaves long- petioled, 6'-io' long, pinnately divided into 5-7 oblong ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acutish, sharply toothed or incised segments i '-2' long, glabrous or with few scattered hairs ; upper leaves similar, short-petioled, smaller, with fewer segments ; cymes slender-pedun- cled, simple or forked, dense or at length open ; flowers white or violet, purple, darkest at _ high altitudes, short-pedicelled; pedicels strigose-pubescent ; calyx-segments narrowly linear, hispid, spreading, the sinuses not ap- pendaged ; corolla about 4" long, its segments erect ; capsule globose, nearly 2" in diameter. . In woods, Quebec to Ontario, South Dakota, South Carolina and Kansas. Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. Brook-flower. May-Aug. 66 HYDROPHYLLACEAE. VOL. III. H. patens Britton, of Minnesota, differs in having the calyx-segments appressed to the corolla, the corolla-segments with spreading tips. 2. Hydrophyllum macrophyllum Nutt. Large-leaved Water-leaf. Fig. 3485. H. macrophyllum Nutt. Journ. Phila. Acad. 7: in. 1834- Perennial by scaly rootstocks, villous-hirsute all over; stem rather stout, 2-3 high. Lower leaves long-petioled, 8'-l2' long, deeply pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 7-13 oval or ovate obtuse coarsely dentate segments i'-3' long; upper leaves similar, smaller, shorter-petioled and with fewer segments ; cymes long-peduncled, simple or fork- ed, very dense; peduncles stout; pedicels short; flowers nearly white; calyx cleft to below the middle, its lobes lanceolate, erect, white-hispid, the sinuses not appendaged; corolla 5"-6" long; anthers oblong; capsule globose, densely white- hispid, I*" in diameter, enclosed by the calyx. In rich woods, Virginia to Ohio, Illinois, Alabama and Tennessee. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. 3. Hydrcphyllum appendiculatum Michx. Appendaged Water-leaf. Fig. 3486. H. appendiculatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 134. 1803. Biennial, rough-hairy all over; stern slender, simple or usually branched, weak, i-2 long, somewhat viscid above. Lower and basal leaves long-petioled, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 5-7 ovate or oval, acute or obtusish, irregularly dentate or incised, mem- branous segments ; upper leaves smaller and shorter- petioled, ovate to orbicular, variously lobed, the lobes acute and dentate ; cymes loose, branched, the slender pedicels 4"-io" long; calyx parted to near the base, enlarging in fruit, the segments triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, with a short reflexed appendage in each sinus; corolla violet or purple, 6"-j" long; stamens little exserted; capsule about li" in diameter. In woods, Ontario to New York, North Carolina, west to Minnesota and Kansas. May-June. 4. Hydrophyllum canadense L. Broad- leaved Water-leaf. Fig. 3487. H. canadense L. Syst. Ed. 10, 919. 1759. Perennial by scaly rootstocks ; stems rather slender, commonly simple, glabrous or nearly so, i-2i high. Leaves nearly orbicular, cordate, sparingly pubescent, at least above, palmately 5-g-lobed, the lower long-petioled, often 12' broad, occasionally with I or 2 pairs of small segments on the petiole ; upper leaves smaller, but usually 4'-7' broad ; lobes ovate, acuminate, dentate ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; cymes dense or becoming loose, simple or forked ; pedi- cels short, nearly glabrous; calyx cleft nearly to the base, its segments linear-lanceolate, acute, nearly or quite glabrous, sometimes with a minute tooth in each sinus ; corolla campanulate-rotate, white to purplish anthers linear-oblong; capsule 2" in diameter. In woods, Vermont to New York, North Carolina, Ontario, Illinois and Kentucky. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. June-Aug. GENUS 2. WATER-LEAF FAMILY. 2. NEMOPHILA Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 2 : 179. 1822. Annual diffuse pubescent slender and fragile herbs, with alternate or opposite mostly pinnatifid or lobed leaves. Flowers white, blue or variegated, solitary, peduncled, lateral or terminal. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or s-parted, with a reflexed or spreading appendage in each sinus. Corolla campanulate or rotate-campanulate, mostly longer than the calyx, usually with 10 small appendages within at the base, the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens included ; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary i-celled with placentae similar to those of Hydrophyllum; styles partly united; ovules 2-12 on each placenta. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds 1-4. [Greek, grove-loving.] About 10 species, natives of North America, mostly Californian. Type species: Nemophila phacelioides Nutt. i. Nemophila microcalyx (Nutt.) F. & M. Small-flowered Nemophila. Fig. 3488. Ellisia microcalyx Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 191. 1833-37. Nemophila microcalyx F. & M. Sert. Petrop. pi. 6. 1846. Stems very slender, diffuse, branched, 2'-! 5' long. Leaves membranous, petioled, i'-2i' long, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 3-5 obovate cuneate or oblique, obtuse 2-3-dentate or -lobed, approximate or confluent segments, the upper all alternate, the lowest opposite ; peduncles slender, 4 '-12" long, opposite the leaves, shorter than or equalling the petioles ; flowers white or blue, ii"-2" long; appendages in the sinuses of the calyx minute ; calyx scarcely en- larged in fruit ; ovules 2 on each placenta ; corolla- appendages obsolete or none ; anthers oval ; capsule about ii" in diameter, much longer than the calyx, i-2-seeded. In woods, Virginia to Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas. April-June. 3. NYCTELEA Scop. Introd. 183. 1777. [MACROCALYX Trew, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 2 : 330-332. pi. 7. /. /. Hyponym. 1/61.] [ELLISIA L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1662. 1763. Not Syst. Ed. 10, 1121. 1759.] Annual hirsute or pubescent branching slender herbs, with opposite or alternate, pin- nately divided or i-3-pinnatifid leaves, and solitary or racemose small white or bluish flowers. Calyx s-lobed or 5-parted, spreading, much enlarged in fruit, destitute of appendages in the sinuses. Corolla campanulate or nearly cylindric, shorter than or slightly exceeding the calyx, usually with 5 minute appendages on the tube within, its lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens included; anthers oval or oblong. Ovary i-celled ; styles united below; ovules 2-4 on each of the placentae, which are similar to those of the two preceding genera. [Name unexplained.] About 3 species, natives of North America, the fol- lowing typical. i. Nyctelea Nyctelea (L.) Britton. Nyctelea. Fig. 3489. Jpomoea Nyctelea L. Sp. PI. 160. 1753. Polemonium ( ?) Nyctelea L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 231. 1762. Ellisia Nyctelea L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1662. 1763. Macrocalyx Nyctelea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 434. 1891. Sparingly hirsute-pubescent; stem several times forked, 4'-i2' high. Leaves pinnately divided, petioled, 2'-4' long, ovate-oblong in outline, the upper alternate, the lower opposite, the segments oblong or lanceolate, dentate, entire or lobed ; peduncles slender, i-flowered, opposite the leaves; calyx in flower about 2" long, about equalling the corolla, enlarging, widely spreading and be- coming 8"-i4" broad in fruit, its lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; fruit at length pendulous ; capsule globose, 2"-3" in diameter. In moist soil, New Jersey to Minnesota, Saskatche- wan, Virginia, Nebraska and Kansas. April-July. 68 HYDROPHYLLACEAE. VOL. III. 4. PHACELIA Juss.; J. F. Gmel. Syst. 330. 1791. Annual, biennial or perennial, mostly hirsute hispid or scabrous herbs, with alternate entire dentate lobed pinnatifid or dissected leaves, the lowest rarely opposite, and blue purple violet or white flowers in terminal scorpioid cymes or racemes. Calyx 5-lobed, somewhat enlarging in fruit; sinuses not appendaged. Corolla campanulate, nearly rotate, tubular or funnelform, the tube sometimes appendaged within, opposite the lobes, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens exserted or included, attached near the base of the corolla; anthers mostly ovate. Ovary i-celled, the 2 placentae narrow, affixed to the walls; styles united below; ovules 2 or several on each placenta. Capsule i-celled, or falsely nearly 2-celled by the intrusion of the placentae, 2-valved. Seeds usually reticulated. [Greek, a cluster, referring to the clustered flowers of some species.] About 90 species, natives of the New World. Besides the following, some 60 others occur in the western parts of North America. Type species : Phacelia secunda J. F. Gmel. Corolla-lobes entire. Corolla manifestly appendaged within, between the stamens. Leaves entire. Leaves crenate-dentate. Leaves pinnately divided, or pinnatifid, the segments incised. Racem.es loose ; pedicels slender ; ovules 2 on each placenta. Racemes dense ; pedicels short ; ovules numerous. Appendages of the corolla inconspicuous or none. Filaments pubescent ; calyx-lobes oblong. Puberulent ; flowers 4"-s" broad. Hirsute ; flowers 6" 7" broad. Filaments glabrous ; calyx-lobes linear. Corolla nearly rotate, its lobes fimbriate. Lobes of the leaves and calyx acute. 8. P. Purshii. Lobes of the leaves and calyx obtuse. 9. P> fimbriata. 1. P. leucophylla. 2. P. integrifolia. P. bipinnatifida. P. Franklinii. 5. P. dubia. 6. P. hirsuta. 7. P . Covillei. i. Phacelia leucophylla Torr. Silky Phacelia. Fig. 3490. Phacelia leucophylla Torr. Frem. Rep. 93. 1845. Perennial by a stout rootstock, pale, densely silky- pubescent, the hairs appressed or ascending. Stem simple or branched, i-ii high; leaves lanceolate to oblong, entire, pinnately veined, 2'-^' long, 4"-i2" wide, the lower long-petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so; spike-like branches of the scorpioid cymes very dense, nearly straight and i'-3' long when ex- panded; flowers sessile, very numerous, about 4" high; calyx-lobes hispid, oblong-lanceolate or linear, some- what shorter than the white or bluish, 5-lobed corolla ; corolla-appendages conspicuous, in pairs between the filaments; filaments exserted, glabrous; ovules 2 on each placenta; capsule ovoid. In dry soil, South Dakota to Idaho, British Columbia, Nebraska and Colorado. May-Aug. The species has been taken for P. hetcrophylla Pursh, of the far west, which has spreading brown hairs, some of the leaves usu- ally pinnatifid, and pilose filaments. 2. Phacelia integrifolia Torr. Crenate- leaved Phacelia. Fig. 3491. P. integrifolia Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 222. pi. 3. 1827. Annual or biennial; stem erect or ascending, rather stout, very leafy, commonly branched above, viscid- hirsute, 6'-2 high. Leaves finely sfrigose-pubescent, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, irregularly cre- nate-dentate, obtuse at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, \'-2.\' long, petioled or the uppermost sessile; spike-like branches of the scorpioid cymes dense, 2'-4' long when expanded; flowers sessile, about 4" long; calyx-segments oblong, acute; corolla tubular-campanulate, white or blue, its tube longer than the calyx ; filaments glabrous, exserted ; ovules 2 on each placenta ; capsule ovoid, obtuse. In saline soil, western Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth) ; Oklahoma to Colorado, Mexico, Utah and Ari- zona. April-Sept. GENUS 4. WATER-LEAF FAMILY. 69 3. Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx. Loose- flowered Phacelia. Fig. 3492. Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 134. pi. 16. 1803. Biennial, hirsute-pubescent; stem erect, usually much branched, glandular-viscid above, i-2 high. Leaves slender-petioled, 2 '-5' long, pinnately divided or deeply pinnatifid into 3-7 ovate or oblong acute or acutish, dentate or incised segments, or these again pinnatifid ; flowers blue or violet, 6"-8" broad, numerous, slender-pedicelled in loose racemes, the inflorescence only slightly scorpioid; pedicels 4"-io" long, recurved in fruit; calyx-segments linear; ap- pendages of the rotate-campanulate corolla in pairs between the stamens, conspicuous, villous on the margins, corolla-lobes entire; filaments pilose, ex- serted; ovules 2 on each placenta; capsule globose. In moist thickets and along streams, Ohio to Illinois, Missouri, Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. April-June. 4. Phacelia Franklinii (R. Br.) A. Gray. Franklin's Phacelia. Fig. 3493. Eutoca Franklinii R. Br. App. Frank. Journ. 51. pi. 27. 1823. Phacelia Franklinii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 329. 1856. Annual, villous-pubescent ; stem erect, 6'-i8' high, simple, or corymbosely branched at the sum- mit. Leaves 1^-3' long, pinnately parted into 7-15 linear or linear-oblong acute entire dentate or incised segments ; flowers blue or nearly white, short-pedicelled in dense scorpioid racemes ; calyx- segments linear-lanceolate, acute; longer than the tube of the rotate-campanulate corolla ; append- ages of the corolla free at the apex ; anthers scarcely exserted ; filaments glabrous, or nearly so ; styles united nearly to the summit ; ovules numerous on each placenta; capsule ovoid, acute. Western Ontario, Michigan and Minnesota to Brit- ish Columbia, Wyoming and Idaho. Summer. 5. Phacelia dubia (L.) Small. Small-flowered Phacelia. Fig. 3494. Polemonium dubium L. Sp. PI. 163. 1753. Phacelia parviflora Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 140. 1814. Phacelia dubia Small, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 303. 1894. Annual, pubernlant or glabrate, branched from the base, the branches very slender, erect or ascending, 5'-i2' high. Lower and basal leaves petioled, i'-2' long, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 3-5 oblong obtuse entire or dentate segments, or rarely merely dentate, or even entire ; upper leaves much smaller, sessile, less divided ; flowers light blue or white, racemose, 4"-s" broad; racemes 5~i5-flowered, elon- gated in fruit; pedicels 3 "-7" long; calyx-lobes oblong or oblong-lanceolate ; corolla rotate-campanu- late, the appendages obsolete; filaments pubescent; anthers slightly exserted; ovules 4-8 on each pla- centa; capsule globose, li" in diameter, 6-i2-seeded; fruiting pedicels ascending. In moist soil, New York and Pennsylvania to Georgia, Missouri, Kansas and Texas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. April-June. HYDRO PHYLLACEAE. VOL. III. 6. Phacelia hirsuta Xutt. Hairy Phacelia. Fig- 3495- Phccelia hirsuta Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 191. 1834-37. Phacelia parviflora van hirsuta A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10 : 321. 1875. Similar to the preceding species but usually stouter and larger, hirsute-pubescent. Leaves petioled, pinnatifid or deeply pinnately divided into 5-9 oblong obtuse usually entire segments, or the upper 3~5-lobed or entire, sessile ; racemes rather dense, scorpioid when unfolding; flowers blue, 6"~7" broad ; calyx-segments oblong-lanceo- late, hirsute ; corolla rotate-campanulate, its ap- pendages short; ovules 3-4 on each placenta; stamens scarcely exserted; capsule globose, 4-8- seeded. In dry soil, Virginia to Georgia, west to Missouri, Kansas and Texas. April-June. 7. Phacelia Covillei S. Wats. Coville's Phacelia. Fig. 3496. Phacelia Covillei S. Wats, in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 360. 1890. Annual, similar to the two preceding species, branched from the base, pubescent; branches very slender, weak, 6'-i2' long. Leaves deeply pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 3-7 oblong or obovate, obtuse segments ; racemes only i-5-flowered ; pedicels filiform, 6"-8" long; calyx-segments linear, elongating in fruit; corolla tubular-campanulate, about 3" long and broad when expanded ; filaments glabrous ; anthers not exserted; appendages of the co- rolla obsolete ; capsule globose, i i"-2" in diam- eter; fruiting pedicels recurved. Along the Potomac River above Washington, D. C, and in Illinois. April-May. 8. Phacelia Purshii Buckl. Pursh's Phacelia. Fig. 3497. Phacelia Purshii Euckl. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 171. 1843. Annual, pubescent ; stem erect, usually much branched, 6'-i8' high. Lower and basal leaves petioled, il'~3' long, pinnately parted or pin- natifid into 9-15 oblong or lanceolate, acute or obtusish, entire or sometimes incised segments ; upper leaves sessile, with fewer segments ; ra- cemes strongly i-sided, io-2o-flowered, much elongated in fruit; pedicels 3"-i2" long; calyx- segments lanceolate or linear-lanceolate ; corolla S"-6" broad, blue or white, nearly rotate, not appendaged within, its lobes fimbriate ; filaments slightly exceeding the corolla ; ovules 2 on each placenta; capsule globose-ovoid. In moist woods or thickets, Pennsylvania to Min- nesota, south to North Carolina, Alabama and Mis- souri. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. April-June. GENUS 4. WATER-LEAF FAMILY. 9. Phacelia fimbriata Michx. Fringed or Mountain Phacelia. Fig. 3498. Phacelia fimbriata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 134. 1803. Annual, sparingly pubescent; stems simple or branched, ascending or diffuse, 6'-2o' long. Basal and lower leaves slender-petioled, "'-4' long, pin- nately divided into 5-9 orbicular obovate or oblong obtuse dentate or entire segments ; upper leaves sessile, their segments oblong or lanceolate, acute ; clusters loose, 3-i2-flowered ; pedicels 4"-: 5" long; flowers 4"-s" broad, white; calyx-segments linear to spatulate, obtuse; corolla rotate-campanulate, not appendaged within, its lobes strongly fimbriate; fila- ments pilose, about equalling the corolla ; ovules 2 on each placenta; capsule depressed-globose, 2" in diameter. In woods, mountains of Virginia to Alabama. May- June. 5. NAMA L. Sp. PL 226. 1753. [HYDROLEA L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 328. 1762.] Perennial herbs, some tropical species shrubby, with alternate entire leaves, sometimes with spines in their axils, and b!ue cymose-clustered or racemose flowers. Calyx-segments distinct to the base, ovate or lanceolate. Corolla rotate-campanulate, not appendaged within, 5-cleft, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla; fila- ments filiform, dilated below; anthers sagittate. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 3-celled) ; ovules numerous in each cavity, on fleshy adherent placentae ; styles 2, rarely 3, slender or filiform, distinct to the base; stigma capitellate. Capsule globose or ovoid, septicidally or irregularly dehiscent. About 15 species, natives of warm and tropical regoins of both the Old World and the New. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern United States. Type species : Nama zeylanica L. Leaves lanceolate ; flowers mostly in axillary clusters. Glabrous, or very nearly so, throughout ; sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate. i. N. affinis. Villous, at least above, and on the calyx ; sepals lanceolate. 2. N. quadrivalvis. Leaves ovate ; flowers mostly in terminal clusters ; sepals villous. 3. N. ovata. i. Nama affinis (A. Gray) Kuntze. Smooth Nama. Fig. 3499. Hydrolea affinis A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 370. 1867. Nama affinis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 435. 1891. Glabrous or very nearly so throughout, with or without slender spines in the axils; stems ascending, i-2i high. Leaves ob- long-lanceolate, petioled, acute or acumi- nate at both ends, 2 '-5' long, 4"-8" wide; flowers 6"-7" broad, short-pedicelled, in rather dense peduncled leafy-bracted axil- lary clusters ; sepals ovate or ovate-lanceo- late, acute or acuminate, about equalling the corolla ; capsule 2" in diameter when ma- ture, somewhat longer than the styles, shorter than the sepals. In wet places, southern Illinois to Missouri, Louisiana and Texas. June-Aug. HYDROPHYLLACEAE. VOL. III. 2. Nama quadrivalvis (Walt.) Kuntze. Hairy Nama. Fig. 3500. Hydrolea qitadrivalvis Walt. Fl. Car. no. 1788. H. caroliniana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 177. 1803. N. quadrivalvis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 435. 1891. Similar to the preceding species, but pubes- cent, at least above, and on the calyx, with spreading hairs, usually bearing slender spines in the axils ; stem ascending, i-2 high. Leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, petioled, 2,'-$' long, 3"-8" wide; lower petioles \' long, or more; flowers in axillary clusters ; sepals lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, acuminate, about as long as the corolla ; capsule 2"-^" in diameter, longer than the styles, about the length of the sepals. In wet soil, southeastern Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. June-Aug. 3. Nama ovata (Nutt.) Britton. Ovate- leaved Nama. Fig. 3501. Hydrolea ovata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 196. 1833-37. N. ovata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 272. 1894. Stem erect or nearly so, i-3 high, usually branched near the summit, puberulent, or somewhat hirsute, at least above, usually spine- bearing in most of the axils. Leaves ovate, rarely ovate-lanceolate, puberulent or glabrous, short-petioled, or the upper almost sessile, i'-2i' long, i'-ii' wide, acute at the apex, nar- rowed or rounded at the base ; flowers often i' broad or more, in terminal clusters; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, very villous, shorter than the corolla, longer than the cap- sule; styles longer than the sepals. In wet soil, Georgia to Missouri, Louisiana and Texas. May-Sept. 1836. Family 24. BORAGINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 274. BORAGE FAMILY. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, shrubs, or -some tropical species trees. Leaves alternate, very rarely opposite or verticillate, exstipulate, mostly entire and hispid, pubescent, scabrous or setose. Flowers perfect, usually regular, mostly blue, in one-sided scorpioid spikes, racemes, cymes, or sometimes scattered. Calyx inferior, mostly 5-lobed, 5-cleft, or 5-parted, usually persistent, its lobes valvate. Corolla gamopetalous, mostly regular and 5-lobed, sometimes crested or append- aged in the throat, rarely irregular, its lobes imbricated, convolute, plicate or induplicate in the bud. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat ; filaments slender or short ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular, entire, or 5-lobed, or none, com- monly inconspicuous. Ovary superior, of 2 2-ovuled carpels, entire, or the carpels commonly deeply 2-lobed, making it appear as of 4 i-ovuled carpels ; style simple, entire or 2-cleft in our genera; ovules anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit mostly of 4 i-seeded nutlets, or of 2 2-seeded carpels. Endosperm none; embryo straight or curved ; cotyledons mostly flat or plano-convex ; radicle short. About 85 genera and 1500 species, of wide geographic distribution. GENUS i. BORAGE FAMILY. 73 * Ovary entire or 2-4-grooved; style terminal. i. Heliotropium. ** Ovary 4-divided or deeply 4-lobed, the style arising from the center. Flowers regular. Nutlets armed with barbed prickles. Nutlets spreading or divergent, covered by the prickles. 2. Cynoglossum. Nutlets erect or incurved, the prickles on their backs or margins. 3. Lappula. Nutlets unarmed. Nutlets attached laterally to the receptacle, sometimes just above their bases. Fruiting calyx not greatly enlarged nor membranous. Corolla small, usually white ; receptacle conic or elongated. Annuals ; calyx nearly closed in fruit ; inflorescence naked or bracteolate. Lowest leaves mostly opposite ; calyx persistent. 4. Allocarya. Leaves all alternate ; calyx at length deciduous. 5. Cryptantha. Perennials or biennials ; calyx-segments more or less spreading in fruit ; inflo- rescence leafy. 6. Oreocarya. Corolla tubular-funnelform ; receptacle flat or convex. Corolla blue, rarely white ; nutlets attached just above their bases. Maritime ; nutlets fleshy, smooth and shining. 7. Pneumaria. Not maritime ; nutlets wrinkled when mature and dry. 8. Mertensia. Corolla yellow ; nutlets laterally attached. 9. Amsinckia. Fruiting calyx much enlarged, membranous, veiny. 10. Asperugo. Nutlets attached to the receptacle by their very bases. Scar of attachment small, flat. Corolla salverform or funnelform, its lobes rounded, spreading. Racemes not bracted ; corolla-tube short. n. Myosotis. i Racemes bracted; corolla-tube cylindric, usually slender. 12. Lithospermum. Corolla tubular, its lobes erect, acute. 13. Onosmodium. Scar of attachment large, concave. Corolla tubular, s-toothed. 14. Symphytum. Corolla rotate; anthers erect in a cone. 15. Bar ago. Flowers irregular. Stamens included; throat of the corolla closed by scales. 16. Lycopsis. Stamens exserted; throat of the corolla dilated, open. 17. Echium. i. HELIOTROPIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 130. 1753. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate mostly entire and petioled leaves, and small blue or white flowers, in scorpioid spikes, or scattered. Calyx-lobes or -segments lanceolate or linear. Corolla salverform or funnelform, naked in the throat, its tube cylindric, its lobes imbricated, plicate or induplicate in the bud, spreading in flower. Stamens included; filaments short, or none. Style terminal, short or slender; stigma conic or annular. Fruit 2-4-lobed, separating into 4 i-seeded nutlets, or into 2 2-seeded carpels. Ovary entire, or 2-4-grooved. [Greek, sun-turning, '. e., turning to or with the sun.] About 125 species, widely distributed in warm-temperate and tropical regions. Besides the fol- lowing, some 10 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. The species are called Turnsole. Type species : Heliotropium europaeum L. Fruit 4-lobed, each lobe becoming a i -seeded nutlet. Flowers in scorpioid spikes. Plant rough-puberulent ; leaves oval. . i. H. europaeum. Glabrous, fleshy ; leaves linear to spatulate. Leaves linear to oblanceolate ; corolla 2" broad. 2. H. curassavicum. Leaves broadly spatulate ; corolla 3"-4" broad. 3. H. spathulatum. Flowers solitary, terminating short branches. 4. H. tenellum. Fruit 2-lobed, or of 2 carpels. Style elongated ; flowers large, scattered, white. 5. Cryptantha. Style very short ; flowers blue, in scorpioid spikes. 6. H. indicum. i. Heliotropium europaeum L. European Heliotrope. Fig. 3502. Heliotropium europaeum L. Sp. PI. 130. 1753. Annual, much branched, rough-puberulent, 6'-i8' high. Leaves oval, i'-2' long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, slender-petioled, pinnately veined: flowers white, i"-2" broad, in dense i-sided scorpioid, bractless spikes ; terminal spikes in pairs, the lateral ones com- monly solitary, becoming i'-3' long in fruit; calyx- segments lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, shorter than the corolla-tube; anthers distinct, obtuse; stigma-tip long-conic; fruit depressed-globose, pubescent, 4-lobed, at length separating into 4 nutlets. In waste places, Massachusetts to New York, Pennsyl- vania and Florida. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. June-Oct. 74 BORAGINACEAE. VOL. III. 2. Heliotropium curassavicum L. Sea- side Heliotrope. Fig. 3503. Heliotropium curassavicum L. Sp. PI. 130. 1753. Annual, fleshy, glabrous throughout, more or less glaucous, branched, diffuse, the branches 6'-i8' long. Leaves linear, or linear-oblong, entire, very inconspicuously veined, 1-2' long, ii"-3" wide, obtuse at the apex, narrowed into petioles, or the upper sessile, sometimes with smaller ones fascicled in the axils; scorpioid spikes densely flowered, bractless, mostly in pairs; flowers about 2" broad ; calyx-segments lanceo- late, acute ; corolla white with a yellow eye or changing to blue ; stigma umbrella-shaped ; anthers acuminate; fruit globose, at length separating into 4 nutlets. On sandy seashores, Delaware to Texas and Mex- ico. Widely distributed in saline and maritime soil in the West Indies, South America and the Old World. In ballast about the northern seaports. May- Sept. 3. Heliotropium spathulatum Rydb. Spatulate- leaved Heliotrope. Fig. 3504. H. spathulatum Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 30: 262. 1903. Perennial, glabrous, fleshy, glaucous, branched, i-li high, the branches ascending. Leaves spatulate, indis- tinctly veined, 2' long or less, obtuse at the apex ; scorpioid spikes 2-5; flowers 3"-4" broad, white, or bluish; calyx-segments ovate-lanceolate, acute; fruit rather larger than that of H. curassavicum. Prairies, plains and meadows, Iowa to North Dakota, Assiniboia, Chihuahua and California. June-Sept. 4. Heliotropium tenellum (Nutt.) Torr. Slender Heliotrope. Fig. 3505. Lithospermum tenellum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 1 88. 1833-37. H. tenellum Torr. in Marcy's Rep. 304. pi. 14. 1853. Annual, strigose-canescent ; stem erect, slender, paniculately branched, commonly leafless below, 6'-i8' high. Leaves linear, entire, i'-ii' long, i"-2" wide, narrowed at both ends, sessile, or the lower petioled ; flowers white, about 2\" long, sessile at the ends of short lateral branches, bracted by i or 2 leaves ; calyx-segments unequal, the 2 or 3 larger ones about as long as the corolla ; corolla-tube canes- cent, slightly longer than the limb, its lobes entire; anthers obtuse; stigma subulate-tipped; fruit de- pressed, 4-lobed, strigose-pubescent, separating into 4 i-seeded nutlets. In dry soil, Kentucky to Kansas, south to Alabama, Texas and New Mexico. April-Aug. GENUS i. BORAGE FAMILY. 75 5. Heliotropium convolvulaceum (Nutt.) A. Gray. Fig. 3506. Enploca convolvulacea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 189. 1833-37. H. convolvulaceum A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 6 : 403. 1857- Annual, strigose-canescent, usually much branched, 6'-is' high, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong, ovate, or lanceolate, entire, short-petioled, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, -i long; flowers numerous, fragrant, very short-peduncled, terminal and lateral, mostly solitary and opposite the leaves ; calyx-segments lanceolate, acuminate, equal ; corolla white, strigose, 8"-io" long, about 6" broad, its tube narrowed at the throat, longer than the calyx and the angulate-lobed limb; anthers inserted on the tube of the corolla, slightly cohering by their tips; style filiform; stigma with a tuft of bristly hairs; fruit 2-lobed, pubescent, each lobe splitting into 2 i-seeded nutlets. In dry sandy soil, Nebraska to Texas, Utah and Mexico. July-Sept. Bindweed Heliotrope. 6. Heliotropium indicum L. Indian Helio- trope. Fig. 3507. Heliotropium indicum L. Sp. PI. 134. 1753. Annual, more or less hirsute 'or hispid ; stem com- monly branched, i-3 high. Leaves ovate or oval, obtuse or acute at the apex, obtuse rounded or sub- cordate at the base, 2'-6' long, i'-3i' wide, repand or undulate, borne on margined petioles \'-2.\' long; flowers blue, 2"-3" broad, sessile in terminal dense bractless usually solitary scorpioid spikes which be- come 3'-6' long in fruit; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, shorter than the strigose corolla-tube; style very short, deciduous ; fruit deeply 2-lobed, glabrous, the lobes divergent, each finally splitting into 2 nutlets, each of which is ribbed on the back. In waste places, North Carolina to Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Naturalized from India. Also in ballast about the northern seaports. Widely distributed in warm regions as a weed. Turnsole. May-Nov. 2. CYNOGLOSSUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 134. i;53- Hirsute or hispid (rarely glabrous) mostly tall herbs, with alternate entire leaves, the basal long-petioled, and purple blue or white flowers in panicled, more or less scorpioid racemes. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, enlarged and spreading or reflexed in fruit. Corolla funnelform or salverform, the tube short, the throat closed by 5 scales opposite the imbri- cated rounded lobes. Stamens included; filaments short; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, separating into 4 diverging nutlets in fruit ; style mostly slender. Nutlets oblique, flat or convex above, attached laterally to the convex or conic receptacle, covered with short barbed prickles. [Greek, dog's tongue.] About 75 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 3 others occur in western North America. Type species : Cynoglossnm officinale L. Stem leafy to the top ; flowers reddish, purple or white ; nutlets flat. Stem leafless above ; flowers blue ; nutlets convex. Flowers about 5" broad ; nutlets about 4" long. Flowers about 3^" broad ; nutlets about 2 l / 2 " long. 1. C. officinale. 2. C. virginianum. 3. C. bore ale. 7 6 BORAGINACEAE. VOL. III. i. Cynoglossum officinale L. Hound's-tongue. Gipsy Flower. Fig. 3508. Cynoglossum officinale L. Sp. PI. 134. 1753. Biennial, pubescent; stem erect, leafy to the top, stout, usually branched, ii-3 high. Basal and lower leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, slender-petioled, some- times obtuse, 6'-i2' long, i'~3' wide; upper leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, ses- sile, or the uppermost clasping; racemes several or numerous, bractless or sparingly bracted, simple or branched, much elon- gated in fruit; pedicels 3"-6" long; calyx- segments ovate-lanceolate, acute ; corolla reddish-purple or rarely white, about 4" broad; fruit pyramidal, about 5" broad, each of the 4 nutlets forming a side of the pyramid, flat on their upper faces, mar- gined, splitting away at maturity, but hang- ing attached to portions of the subulate style. In fields and waste places, Quebec and On- tario to Manitoba, South Carolina, Alabama, Kansas and Montana. Often a troublesome weed. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Called also dog's-tongue, rose noble. Canadian or dog-bur. Sheep-lice. Tory-weed. Wood-mat. May-Sept. 2. Cynoglossum virginianum L. Wild Comfrey. Fig. 3509. Cynoglossum virginianum L. Sp. PI. 134- 1753- Perennial, hirsute; stem usually sim- ple, leafless above, stout, l4-2i high. Basal and lower leaves oval or oblong, 4'-i2' long, obtuse at the apex, nar- rowed into petioles ; upper leaves ob- long, or ovate-lanceolate, sessile and clasping by a cordate base, acute, nearly as large, or the one or two uppermost quite small ; racemes 2-6, corymbose, bractless, long-peduncled ; flowers blue, about 5" broad; corolla-lobes obtuse; calyx-segments oblong-lanceolate, ob- tuse, about 2" long at flowering time ; fruit depressed, 4" broad, the nutlets convex on the upper face, not margined, separating and falling away at matur- ity, about 4" long. In woods, New Jersey to Kentucky, Mis- souri, Florida, Louisiana and Kansas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Dog-bur. April-May. GENUS 2. BORAGE FAMIL\ 3. Cynoglossum boreale Fernald. North- ern Wild Comfrey. Fig. 3510. Cynoglossum boreale Fernald, Rhodora 7 : 250. 1906. Similar to the preceding species, the stem more slender, villous below, appressed-pubescent above. Upper leaves clasping the stem ; lower and basal leaves oblong, acute or acutish, long-peti- oled ; racemes few, the flowers distant; calyx- segments only about i" long at flowering time; corolla 3"-4" broad; nutlets -z"-2\" long. Woods and banks, Quebec to Ontario, Connecticut, New York and Minnesota. In our first edition in- cluded in the preceding species, of which it may be a northern race. May-June. 3. LAPPULA [Rivin.] Moench, Meth. 416. 1794. [ECHINOSPERMUM Sw. ; Lehm. Asperif. 113. 1818.] Annual or perennial rough-pubescent or canescent erect branching herbs, with alternate narrow entire leaves, and small or minute blue or white flowers, in terminal bracted or bractless racemes. Calyx deeply S-cleft or 5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla salver- form or funnelform, the tube very short, the throat closed by 5 scales, the lobes obtuse, spreading, imbricated in the bud. Stamens included; filaments very short. Ovary 4-lobed; style short. Nutlets 4, erect or incurved, laterally attached to the receptacle, at length separating, the margins or backs armed with stout often flattened barbed prickles, the sides usually papillose or tuberculate. [Diminutive of the Latin lappa, a bur.] About 40 species, .mostly natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, several others occur in western North America. Type species : Lappula Myosdtis Moench. Racemes bracted; fruiting pedicels not deflexed. Prickles in 2 rows on the margins of the nutlets, distinct. i. L. Lappula. Prickles in i row on the margins, more or less confluent. 2. L. texana. Racemes bracted only at the base ; fruiting pedicels deflexed. Stem-leaves ovate-oblong, the basal cordate ; fruit globose. 3. L. virginiana. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or linear ; fruit pyramidal. Flowers 3" -5" broad ; fruit about 3" broad. 4. L. floribunda. Flowers i"-z" broad; fruit about 2" broad. 5. L. deflexa. i. Lappula Lappula (L.) Karst. European Stickseed. Burseed. Fig. 3511. Myosotis Lappula L. Sp. PI. 131. 1753. Lappula echinata Gilib. Fl. Lithuan. i: 25. 1781. Lappula Myosotis Moench, Meth. 417. 1794. Echinospermum Lappula Lehm. Asperif. 121. 1818. Lappula Lappula Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 979. 1880-83. Annual, pale, leafy, hispid or appressed-pubes- cent, branched, i-2 high, the branches erect. Leaves linear, linear-oblong or the lowest spatu- late, sessile or the lower narrowed into petioles, ascending or erect, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, $'-!$' long; racemes leafy-bracted, more or less i-sided ; pedicels very short, stout, not deflexed in fruit ; calyx-segments lanceolate, becoming unequal and spreading; corolla blue, about i" broad; fruit globose-oval, li" in diameter; the nutlets papillose or also prickly on the back, the margins armed with 2 rows of slender distinct prickles. In waste places, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to New Jersey and Kansas. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Stick-tight. Small sheep-bur. May-Sept. BORAGINACEAE. VOL. III. 2. Lappula texana (Scheele) Britton. Hairy Stickseed. Fig. 3512. Cynoglossum pilosum Nutt. Gen. i: 114. 1818. Not R. & P. 1794. Echinospermum texanum Scheele, Linnaea 25 : 260. 1852. Echinospermum Redowskii var. cupulatum A. Gray in Brewer & Wats. Bot. Cal. i : 530. 1876. Lappula texana Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 273. 1894. L. Redowskii occidentalis Rydb. Contr. Nat. Herb. 3 : 170. 1895. Annual, similar to the preceding species, 6'-2 high, paniculately branched, the branches ascending or erect. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, mostly obtuse, the lower narrowed into petioles ; racemes leafy-bracted ; pedicels short, not deflexed in fruit; flowers about i" broad; nutlets papillose-tuberculate on the back, the margins armed with a single row of flat, usually more or less confluent bristles, or these united into a cup. In dry soil, Ontario to Manitoba, British Columbia, south to Nebraska, Texas and Arizona. Found also in ballast at Atlantic seaports. Nutlets with nearly dis- tinct bristles and others with bristles united into a cup sometimes occur on the same fruit. April-Aug. 3. Lappula virginiana (L.) Greene. Virginia Stickseed. Fig. 3513. Myosotis virginiana L. Sp. PI. 131. 1753. Cynoglossum Morisoni DC. Prodr. 10 : 155. 1846. E. virginicum Lehm. Asperif. 120. 1818. Lappula virginiana Greene, Pittonia 2: 182. 1891. Biennial, pubescent; stem paniculately branched, 2-4 high, the branches slender, spreading. Basal leaves (seldom present at flowering time) ovate or nearly orbicular, cordate, long-petioled, mostly obtuse; stem leaves ovate-oblong or oval, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base, peti- oled, 3'--8' long, i'-4' wide, the uppermost smaller, sessile; racemes very slender, divergent, bracted at the base, the bracts similar to the upper leaves; pedicels slender, short, recurved in fruit ; corolla nearly white, about i" broad; fruit globose, nearly 2" in diameter; nutlets covered on the margins and usually also on the back by the slender distinct flat- tened barbed prickles, the backs commonly also more or less papillose. In dry woods and thickets, New Brunswick to On- tario, Minnesota, Georgia, Louisiana, Nebraska and Kansas. Called beggar's-ticks or -lice. Virginia mouse- ear. Soldiers. Stick-tight. Dysentery-root or -weed. T 'ine-Sept. 4. Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene. Large-flowered Stickseed. Fig. 3514. Echinospermum floribundum Lehm. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 84. pi. 16-}. 1834. Lappula floribunda Greene, Pittonia 2: 182. 1891. Biennial or perennial, rough-pubescent ; stem stout, paniculately branched, 2-5 high, the branches nearly erect. Leaves oblong, oblong- lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 2'-^ long, 2"-io" wide, sessile, acute or obtuse at the apex, or the lower narrowed into petioles ; racemes numerous, erect or nearly so, very densely flowered, bracted at the base, many of them in pairs ; pedicels 2 "-4" long, reflexed in fruit ; flowers blue or white, 3"~5" broad ; fruit pyramidal, about 3" broad ; nutlets keeled, papillose-tuberculate on the back, the margins armed with a single row of flat prickles, which are sometimes confluent at the base. Western Ontario and Minnesota to Saskatchewan, British Columbia, south to New Mexico and Califor- nia. June-Aug. GENUS 3. BORAGE FAMILY 5. Lappula deflexa (Wahl.) Garcke. Nod- ding Stickseed. Fig. 3515. Echinospermum deflexum var. americanum A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 224. 1882. Lappula deflexa Garcke, Fl. Deutsch. Ed. 6, 275. 1863. Lapbula americana Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 294. 1897. Annual, rough-puberulent ; stem slender, erect, paniculately branched, i-3 high, the branches spreading or ascending. Leaves oblong or oblong- lanceolate, mostly narrowed at both ends, 2-4' long, 2j"-6" wide, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; racemes slender, many-flowered ; pedicels slender, 2"-4" long, deflexed in fruit ; corolla white or bluish, about i" broad; fruit pyramidal, about 2" broad ; nutlets keeled, papillose-tuberculate on the back, rarely with a few prickles on the keel, the margins armed with a single row of flat prickles, these sometimes few. In thickets, Quebec to Manitoba, British Columbia, Iowa, Nebraska and Wyoming. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Aug. 4. ALLOCARYA Greene, Pittonia, i: 12. 1887. Mostly annual low herbs, with linear entire leaves, the lowest often opposite, and small flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Pedicels thickened at the summit, persistent. Calyx 5-divided, persistent, the segments narrow. Corolla salverform, white, yellow in the throat. Stamens included. Ovary 4-divided ; style short. Nutlets crustaceous, smooth, or rough, attached at their base or below the middle to the receptacle, the scar of attachment concave or raised. [Greek, different nuts.] About 25 species, natives of western North Amer- ica. Type species: Allocarya lithocarya (A. Gray) Greene. i. Allocarya scopulorum Greene. Moun- tain Allocarya. Fig. 3516. Eritrichium calif or nicum var. subglochidiatum A. Gray, Bot. Cal. i : 526. In part. 1876. Allocarya scopulorum Greene, Pittonia i: 16. 1887". Somewhat succulent, pubescent with scattered stiff appressed hairs, branched, the slender spreading branches i'-8' long. Leaves 6"-i8" long, i"-ii" wide, sessile or very short-petioled ; flowers about i" broad, distant, borne in most of the axils, very short-pedicelled ; floral bracts similar to the leaves, but shorter; calyx segments linear-lanceolate ; nutlets reticulate on the back, lightly grooved on the ventral side. Western Nebraska to Montana, Wyoming and Colorado. June-Sept. 5. CRYPTANTHA Lehm. Sem. Hort. Hamburg. 1832. F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 2 : 35. 1836. [KRYNITZKIA F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 7: 52. 1841.] Low annual setose or hispid branched herbs, with narrow alternate entire leaves, and small mostly white flowers, in scorpioid bractless or bracteolate spikes. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, at length deciduous from the spike, the lobes or segments erect, mostly connivent in fruit. Corolla small, funnelform, usually with 5 scales closing the throat, the lobes imbri- cated in the bud. Stamens included ; filaments short. Ovary 4-divided ; style short ; stigma capitellate. Nutlets erect, rounded on the back, not keeled, the margins obtuse, acute or wing-margined, attached laterally to the conic or elongated receptacle, the scar of attach- ment mostly longer than broad. [Greek, hidden-flowered.] About 50 species, natives of North and South America, mostly of the western United States. Type species : Cryptantha glomerata Lehm. Nutlets, at least some of them, with short processes. i. C. crassisepala. All four nutlets smooth and shining. 2. C. Fendleri. So BORAGINACEAE. VOL. III. i. Cryptantha crassisepala (T. & G.) Greene. Thick-sepaled Cryptanthe. Fig. 35I7- Eritrichium crassisepalum T. & G. Pac. R. R. Rep. 2 : 171. 1854. Krvnitskia crassisepala A. Gray, Proc. Am Acad. 20: 268. 1885. Cryptanthe crassisepala Greene, Pittonia i : 112. 1887. Densely hispid, at length much branched, 3'~6' high. Leaves linear, or linear- spatulate, i'-ij' long, sessile, or the lower narrowed into petioles; spikes very densely flowered; flowers about 2" broad, sessile, bracteolate, the bractlets slightly longer than the calyx; fruiting calyx 3" long, closing over the fruit, its segments linear, obtusish, their midribs much thickened; fruit of 3 finely muricate nutlets, and I larger smooth and shining nutlet about i" long, attached to the receptacle from the base to near the middle. In dry soil, Saskatchewan to Nebraska, Kansas, Texas and New Mexico. Rosita. June-Aug. 2. Cryptantha Fendleri (A. Gray) Greene. Fendler's Cryptanthe. Fig. 3518. Krynitzkia Fendleri A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 20: 268. 1885. Cryptanthe Fendleri Greene, Pittonia i: 120. 1887. Erect, hispid; stem slender, paniculately branched, 6'-is' high. Leaves linear, or the lowest linear-spatulate, i'-2i' long; spikes slender, bracteolate only at the base; flowers sessile, i"-2" broad; fruiting calyx nearly closed, its segments linear, leaf-like, herba- ceous, about 2" long; nutlets 4, all alike, brown, smooth and shining, less than i" long, attached to the receptacle from the base to about the middle. In dry soil, Saskatchewan to Washington, south to Nebraska and Arizona. June-Aug. 6. OREOCARYA Greene, Pittonia, i : 57. 1887. Perennial or biennial hispid or strigose-pubescent herbs, mostly with thick woody roots, alternate or basal narrow leaves, and small white racemose-paniculate or densely thyrsoid flowers. Calyx very deeply 5-parted or 5-divided, the segments lanceolate, more or less spreading or recurved in fruit. Corolla funnelform or salverform, mostly crested in the throat, 5-lobed. Stamens included. Ovary 4-divided ; style mostly short. Nutlets 4, later- ally attached to the receptacle, not keeled, their margins acute or winged. [Greek, moun- tain nut.] Called White Forget-me-not. About 9 species, natives of western North America and Mexico. suffruticosa (Torr.) Greene. Inflorescence racemose-paniculate ; nutlets smooth. Inflorescence thyrsoid or thyrsoid-glomerate ; nutlets rough. Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, little longer than the lobes. Densely rough-hairy, 6'-i8' high. Silvery appressed-pubescent, 3'-6' high. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx, 2 or 3 times as long as the lobes. Type species : Oreocarya i. O. suffruticosa. 2. O. glomerata. 3. O. sericea. 4. O. fulvocanesccns. GENUS 6. BORAGE FAMILY. 81 i. Oreocarya suffruticosa (Torr.) Greene. Shrubby Oreocarya. Fig. 3519. Myosotis suffruticosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 225. 1827. Eritrichium Jamesii Torr. in Marcy's Rep. 294. 1853. Krynitskia Jamesii A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 20 : 278. 1885. Oreocarya suffruticosa Greene, Pittonia i : 57. 1887. Perennial, rather stout, branched from the base and sometimes also above, strigose-pubescent or somewhat hirsute, 5'-i2 r high. Upper leaves linear, i'-i' long, the lower oblanceolate, some- what longer, obtuse or acute; racemes slender, panicled; pedicels about i" long; calyx canescent and somewhat hispid, the segments slightly spreading, or erect in fruit; bractlets longer than the fruiting calyx; corolla ii"-3" broad; its tube about equalling the calyx ; nutlets smooth, nearly i" long, shining, closely fitting together, trian- gular, acute-margined, nearly as wide as high. In dry soil, western Nebraska and Wyoming to Texas and Arizona. May-Aug. 2. Oreocarya glomerata (Pursh) Greene. Clustered Oreocarya. Fig. 3520. Cynoglossum glomeratum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 729. 1814. Eritrichium glomeratum DC. Prodr. 10 : 131. 1846. Krynitskia glomerata A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 20 : 279- 1885. O. glomerata Greene, Pittonia i : 58. 1887. Perennial or biennial, densely hispid ; stem erect, stout, simple or branched, 6'-i8' high. Leaves spatulate or the upper linear, obtuse, \'-2\' long, the basal commonly tufted; inflores- cence of thyrsoid clusters, the short dense lateral spike-like clusters mostly longer than the sub- tending bracts; calyx densely bristly; corolla 3"-S" broad; fruit pyramidal, the nutlets trian- gular-ovate, acute, acutely margined, papillose on the back. In dry soil, Manitoba to Nebraska, New Mexico and Utah. May-Sept. Oreocarya thyrsiflora Greene, a related species of the Rocky Mountain region, enters our limits in western Nebraska. 3. Oreocarya sericea (A. Gray) Greene. Low Oreocarya. Fig. 3521. Eritrichium glomeratum var. humile A. Gray, Proc. . Am. Acad. 10 : 61. 1874. Not E. humile DC. Krynitskia sericea A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 20 : 279. 1885. Oreocarya sericea Greene, Pittonia i : 58. 1887. Perennial, low, tufted from the woody root; stems usually simple, 3'-6' high, silvery appressed- pubescent, or hirsute above. Leaves linear- spatulate, i'-i' long, i"-ij" wide, obtuse or acutish, imbricated on the short sterile shoots and at the bases of the flowering stems ; inflores- cence thyrsoid or glomerate, usually short ; calyx densely hispid ; corolla 2"-3" broad, its tube not longer than the calyx ; style short ; nutlets acutely margined, acute, papillose on the back. In dry soil. Northwest Territory to Nebraska and Utah. May-Sept. BORAGINACEAE. VOL. Ill 4. Oreocarya fulvocanescens (A. Gray) Greene. Tawny Oreocarya. Fig. 3522. Eritrichium fulvocanescens A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10 : 61. 1874. Eritrichium glomeratum var. (?) fulvocanescens S. Wats. Bot. King's Exp. 243. pi. 23. f. 7. 1871. Oreocarya fulvocanescens Greene, Pittonia i : 58. 1887. Perennial, tufted, similar to the preceding species hut densely strigose or hirsute. Leaves spatulate, or oblanceolate, obtuse, the lower and basal ones i'-ij' long; inflorescence of thyrsoid clusters; calyx densely setose with yellowish hairs; corolla about 2" broad, its tube longer than the calyx, 2 or 3 times the length of the lobes; style filiform; nutlets acutely margined, tuberculate on the back. In dry soil, western Nebraska (according to Web- ber), Wyoming to Nevada and New Mexico. May- Aug. 7. PNEUMARIA Hill, Veg. Syst. 7 : 40. pi 37- 1764. A perennial fleshy glabrous glaucous diffusely branched herb, with alternate entire leaves, and small blue pinkish or white flowers in loose terminal leafy-bracted racemes. Calyx-lobes triangular-ovate or lanceolate, somewhat enlarging in fruit. Corolla tubular- campanulate, crested in the throat, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, slightly spread- ing. Filaments slender, scarcely exserted. Ovary 4-divided; style slender. Nutlets erect, fleshy, attached just above their bases to the somewhat elevated receptacle, smooth, shining, acutish-margined, becoming utricle-like when mature. A monotypic genus of sea-beaches of the north temperate zone. i. Pneumaria maritima (L.) Hill. Sea Lungwort. Sea Bugloss. Oyster Plant. Fig. 3523- Pulmonaria maritima L. Sp. PI. 136. 1753. P. maritima Hill, Veg. Syst. 40. pi. 37. f. 3. 1764. Mertensia maritima S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 354- 1821. Pale green, the branches spreading or ascend- ing, 3'-i5' long. Leaves thick, ovate, obovate, or oblong, i '-4' long, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, the lower and basal ones contracted into margined petioles, the uppermost smaller ; flowers blue or nearly white, about 3" long, all pedicelled ; pedicels very slender, 5"-i8" long; calyx shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla with a crest in the throat opposite each lobe; nutlets about as long as the calyx-lobes when mature. On sea-beaches, Long Island (?), Massachusetts to Newfoundland and Greenland, Oregon to Alaska. Also on the coasts of Europe and Asia. May-Sept. 8. MERTENSIA Roth, Catal. Bot. i: 34. 1797. Perennial glabrous or pubescent herbs, with alternate sometimes punctate leaves, and rather large blue purple or white flowers, in panicles, cymes, or racemes. Calyx-lobes lan- ceolate or linear, little enlarged in fruit. Corolla tubular- funnel form or trumpet-shaped, crested or unappendaged in the throat, its lobes obtuse, imbricated, little spreading. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, included, or scarcely exserted ; filaments flattened, or filiform; anthers oblong or linear, obtuse. Ovary 4-divided; style filiform. Nutlets erect, coriaceous, wrinkled when mature, attached above their bases to the convex or nearly flat receptacle. [In honor of Prof. C. F. Mertens, a German botanist.] About 40 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, many occur in the western part of North America. The species are called Smooth Lungwort. Type species : Mertensia pulmonarioides Roth. Corolla trumpet-shaped, not crested in the throat, the limb barely s-lobed. i. M. virginica. Corolla funnelform-campanulate, crested in the throat, the limb manifestly 5-lobed. Stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 2. M. paniculata. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute. 3. M. lanceolata. GENUS 8. BORAGE FAMILY. Virginia i. Mertensia virginica (L.) DC. Virgi Cowslip. Tree Lungwort. Roanoke- hpll Fig. 3524. bells. Pulmonaria virginica L, Sp. PI. 135. Mertensia virginica DC. Prodr. 10 : 8 1753- L 1846. Glabrous; stem erect, or ascending, simple or sometimes branched, i-2 high, rather stout. Leaves oblong, oval, or obovate, pinnately veined, obtuse at the apex, 2'-s' long, the upper- most sessile, the lower narrowed into margined petioles; racemes short, corymb-like; pedicels 2"-6" long ; flowers blue-purple, very showy, about i' long; calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate, obtusish, i" long or less; corolla trumpet-shaped or nearly salverform, its tube cylindric, a little expanded above, longer than the 5-lobed plaited limb, pubescent at the base within, not crested in the throat ; disk with two opposite linear lobes ; filaments filiform, much longer than the anthers; nutlets not shining, rounded. In low meadows and along streams, southern On- tario to New Jersey and South Carolina, Minnesota, Nebraska and Kansas. Blue bells. March-May. 2. Mertensia paniculata (Ait.) G. Don. Tall Lungwort. Fig. 3525. P. paniculata Ait. Hort. Kew. i: 181. 1789. M. paniculata G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 318. 1838. Roughish-pubescent, dark green ; stem erect, branched above, ii-3 high, the branches slen- der. Leaves thin, pinnately veined, those of the stem ovate .or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 2'-$' long, the lower narrowed into slender petioles ; basal leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at the base ; racemes several- flowered, panicled; pedicels filiform, 4"-io" long; flowers purple-blue, 6" -7" long; calyx-lobes lan- ceolate, acute ; corolla tubular-campanulate, crested in the throat, the tube about twice as long as the calyx and exceeding the 5-lobed limb ; filaments flattened, slightly longer than the anthers ; style filiform, usually somewhat exserted; nutlets rounded. In woods or thickets, Hudson Bay to Alaska, south to Michigan, Nebraska, Idaho and Washington. July- Aug. 3. Mertensia lanceolata (Pursh) DC. Lance-leaved Lungwort. Fig. 3526. P. lanceolata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 729. 1814. Mertensia lanceolata DC. Prodr. 10 : 88. 1846. M. linearis Greene, Pittonia 3 : 197. 1897. Glabrous or somewhat hirsute; stem simple or branched, slender, 6'-i8' high. Leaves papillose, indistinctly veined, light green, the upper lanceo- late, acute, sessile or slightly clasping at the base, the lower oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, 3''-4' long, narrowed into margined petioles; racemes few-flowered, usually panicled ; flowers blue, 5"- 6" long; pedicels 3"-7" long; calyx-lobes lanceo- late, obtuse, or acutish; corolla tubular-campanu- late, the tube longer than the calyx and longer than the 5-lobed limb, hairy at the base within, the throat crested; filaments a little longer than the anthers; style filiform, scarcely exserted. In thickets, western Nebraska to Manitoba, Wyoming, Idaho and New Mexico. Races differ in amount or absence of pubescence and in width of leaves. June-Aug. 8 4 BORAGINACEAE. VOL. III. 9. AMSINCKIA Lehm. Del. Sem. Hort. Hamb. 7. 1831. Annual hispid or setose herbs, with narrow leaves, the yellow flowers in scorpioid spikes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments linear. Corolla salverform or funnelform, the tube slender, naked or minutely crested in the throat, the 5 lobes spreading. Stamens 5, borne on the corolla-tube, included. Ovary deeply 4-lobed. Nutlets ovoid, rough, laterally attached to the receptacle below the middle. [In honor of William Amsinck, a burgomaster of Hamburg and friend of the Hamburg botanical garden.] About 15 species, natives of western North America and Chile, the following typical. i. Amsinckia lycopsioides Lehm. Fig. 3527- Amsinckia. Lithospermum lycopsioides Lehm. Pug. 2 : 28. 1830. Amsinckia lycopsioides Lehm. ; DC. Prodr. 10 : 117. 1846. Diffusely branched, loosely hispid with long, bristly hairs, the branches often i long, decumbent or ascend- ing. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, repand-dentate or entire, 3' long or less, sessile ; scorpioid spikes short in flower, elongating in fruit, the lower flowers bracteolate, the upper ones com- monly bractless ; corolla about 4" long, its tube some- what longer than the calyx; nutlets rugose-reticulate. Waste grounds, Massachusetts and Connecticut. Ad- ventive from California. May-July. Amsinckia intermedia F. & M., an erect Californian species, with orange-yellow flowers and linear leaves, has been found in eastern Long Island and Nantucket. 10. ASPERUGO [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 138. 1753. An annual rough-hispid procumbent herb, with alternate entire leaves, or the uppermost sometimes opposite, and small blue or nearly white flowers, short-pedicelled and 1-3 together in the upper axils. Calyx campanulate, unequally 5-cleft, much enlarged and folded together in fruit, the lobes incised-dentate. Corolla tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments very short. Ovary 4-divided; style short ; stigma capitate. Nutlets 4, ovoid, erect, granular-tuberculate, keeled, laterally attached above the middle to the elongated-conic receptacle. [Latin, rough, referring to the leaves.] A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia. i. Asperugo procumbens L. German Mad- wort. Catchweed. Fig. 3528. Asperugo procumbens L. Sp. PI. 138. 1753. Stems slender, branched, diffusely procumbent, 6'-i8' long, very rough with stiff bristly hairs. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or the lower spatulate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, i'-ii' long, the lower narrowed into margined petioles ; flowers very short-pedicelled, about i" broad, blue, the pedicels recurved in fruit; fruiting calyx dry and membranous, strongly veined, 4"-6" broad; nutlets obliquely ovoid. In waste places and ballast, Massachusetts to south- ern New York, New Jersey, District of Columbia and Minnesota. Adventive from Europe. Called also small wild bugloss and great goose-grass. May-Aug. GENUS ii. BORAGE FAMILY. ii. MYOSOTIS [Dill.] L. Sp. PI. 131. 1753. Low annual biennial or perennial, more or less pubescent, branching, diffuse or erect herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small blue pink or white flowers in many-flowered elongated bractless more or less i-sided racemes, or these sometimes leafy at the base. Calyx s-cleft, the lobes narrow, spreading or erect in fruit. Corolla salverform, the limb 5-lobed, the lobes convolute in the bud, rounded, the throat crested. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments filiform; anthers obtuse. Ovary 4-divided, style fili- form. Nutlets erect, glabrous or pilose, attached by their bases to the receptacle, the scar of attachment small, flat. [Greek, mouse-ear.] About 35 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, i or 2 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Called forget-me-not and scorpion-grass. Type species : Myosotis scorpioides L. Hairs of the calyx all straight ; perennial swamp or brook plants. Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube ; corolla 3" 4" broad. i. M. scorpioides. Calyx-lobes as long as the tube ; corolla 2" -3" broad. 2. M . laxa. Hairs of the calyx, or some of them, with hooked tips ; annuals or biennials. Fruiting pedicels longer than the calyx. 3. M. arvensis. Fruiting pedicels not longer than the calyx. Calyx-lobes equal ; corolla blue or yellowish, changing to violet and blue. Corolla yellowish, changing to violet and blue ; style longer than the nutlets. 4. M . versicolor. Corolla blue ; style not longer than the nutlets. 5 Calyx-lobes unequal ; corolla white. i. Myosotis scorpioides L. Forget-me-not. Mouse-ear Scorpion-grass. Fig. 3529. Myosotis scorpioides var. pahistris L. Sp. PI. 131. 1753. Myosotis palustris Lam. Fl. Fr. 2: 283. 1778. Appressed-pubescent, perennial, with slender root- stocks or stolons ; stems slender, decumbent or as- cending, rooting at the lower nodes, 6'-i8' long. Leaves oblong, oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, ob- tuse, narrowed at the base, i'-3' long, 2"-6" wide, those of the stem sessile or very nearly so, or the lower petioled ; racemes loosely many-flowered ; pedi- cels longer than the calyx; calyx with straight ap- pressed hairs, its lobes equal, triangular-ovate, acute, shorter than the tube, spreading in fruit; corolla blue with a yellow eye, the limb flat, 3"~4" broad; nutlets angled and keeled on the inner side. In brooks and marshes, Newfoundland to New York, Pennsylvania and Tennessee. Escaped from cultiva- tion. Native of Europe and Asia. Called also marsh scorpion-grass, snake-grass and love-me. May-July. M. micrantha. 6. M. virginica. 2. Myosotis laxa Lehm. Smaller Forget- me-not. Fig. 3530, Myosotis laxa Lehm. Asperif. 83. 1818. Myosotis palustris var. laxa A. Gray, Man. Ed. Si 365. 1867. Perennial, appressed-pubescent, similar to the preceding species ; stems decumbent, spreading, rooting at the nodes, 6'-2o' long. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or spatulate, obtuse; racemes very loosely many-flowered ; pedicels spreading, much longer than the fruiting calyx ; hairs of the calyx straight, appressed, its lobes equal, ovate- lanceolate, acutish, spreading in fruit, quite as long as the tube; corolla blue with a yellow eye, its limb concave, about 2" broad; nutlets convex on both the inner and outer sides. In wet muddy places, Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Virginia and Tennessee. Also in Europe. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. May-July. BORAGINACEAE. VOL. III. 3. Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill. Field Scor- pion-grass or Mouse-ear. Fig. 3531. Myosotis scorpioides var. arvensis L. Sp. PI. 131. 1753. Myosotis arvensis Hill, Veg. Syst. 7: 55. 1764. Annual or biennial, hirsute-pubescent; stem erect, branched, 6'-i8' high. Basal and lower leaves ob- lanceolate, obtuse, petioled or sessile ; stem leaves mostly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, 4'-ii' long, 2"-4" wide ; racemes loosely flowered ; fruiting pedi- cels longer than the calyx ; hairs of the calyx, or some of them, with minutely hooked tips, the lobes equal, erect, or connivent in fruit, triangular-lanceo- late, acute, about as long as the tube; corolla blue or white, the limb concave, i"-ii" broad; nutlets convex on the outer side, somewhat keeled on the inner. In fields, Newfoundland to western Ontario and Minnesota, south to West Virginia. Perhaps not indigenous. Also in Europe. June-Aug. 4. Myosotis versicolor (Pers.) J. E. Smith. Yellow and Blue Scorpion-grass. Fig- 3532. M. arvensis var. (?) versicolor Pers. Syn. i: 156. 1805. Myosotis versicolor J. E. Smith, Engl s Bot. pi. 480. 1813. Annual, hirsute-pubescent, with mostly straight hairs, often much branched above;- stems slender, erect or ascending, 4'-i2' high. Leaves oblong, obtuse or obtusish, sessile, or nearly so, or the lower spatulate and narrowed into margined peti- oles; racemes slender, mostly naked below; pedi- cels shorter than the fruiting calyx, appressed- pubescent, erect; calyx equally 5-cleft, the lobes linear-lanceolate, erect or connivent in fruit, longer than or equalling the tube, the hairs, or some of them, with minutely hooked tips; corolla pale yellow changing to violet and blue, its limb about i" broad; nutlets convex on the outer, slightly keeled on the inner side, shorter than the style. In fields and along roadsides, southern New York and Delaware. Naturalized from Europe. May- July. 5. Myosotis micrantha Pall. Blue Scorpion- grass. Fig. 3533. Myosotis micrantha Pall. ; Lehm. Neue Schr. Naturf. Ges. Halle 3 2 : 24. 1817. Annual or biennial, 8' high or less, branched from near the base, the pubescence of both straight and hooked hairs. Leaves oblong to lanceolate, mostly ses- sile, obtuse or obtusish ; racemes slender, distantly flow- ered to the base; pedicels much shorter than the calyx, pubescent, and usually with some hooked hairs; calyx equally 5-cleft, about as long as the corolla-tube; style not longer than the nutlets. Fields and roadsides, Ontario to Massachusetts and Ohio. May July. Naturalized from Europe. Has been mistaken in America for M. collina Hoffm. GENUS ii. BORAGE FAMILY. 6. Myosotis virgimca (L.) B.S.P. Spring or Early Scorpion-grass. Fig. 3534. Lycopsis virginica L. Sp. PI. 139. 1753. Myosotis verna Nutt. Gen. 2: Add. 1818. Myosotis virginica B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 37. 1888. Annual or biennial, hirsute-pubescent or hispid, erect, branched, 3'-! 5' high, the branches erect. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, sessile, 3"-i2" long, obtuse, or the lower spatulate and narrowed into short peti- oles ; racemes usually bracted at the base, strict ; pedicels ascending or erect, or slightly spreading at the apex, shorter than the fruiting calyx; calyx some- what 2-lipped, unequally 5-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acute, longer than the tube, connivent in fruit, very hispid, the hairs, or most of them, with minutely hooked tips; corolla white, the limb \\" broad or less; nutlets convex on the back, slightly keeled and margined on the inner side. On dry hills and banks, Maine and Ontario to Minne- sota, Florida and Texas. Forget-me-not. April-June. Myosotis macrosperma Engelm., of the Southern States, with larger flowers and fruit, the ripe calyx nodding or spreading, ranging north to Virginia and Kentucky, appears to be a race of this species. 12. LITHOSPERMUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 132. 1753. Annual or perennial, erect branching or rarely simple, pubescent hirsute or hispid herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small or large, white yellow or blue flowers in leafy-bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx S-parted or 5-cleft, the segments or lobes narrow. Corolla funnel- form or salverform, 5-lobed, naked, pubescent or crested in the throat, the lobes entire or erose-denticulate, the tube sometimes pubescent at the base within. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the throat of the corolla ; filaments short. Ovary 4-divided ; style slender, or filiform; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Nutlets 4, or fewer, erect, white, smooth and shining, or brown and wrinkled, attached by their bases to the nearly flat receptacle, the scar of attachment not concave. [Greek, stone-seed, from the hard nutlets.] About 40 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, a few in South America and Africa. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the southern and southwestern parts of the United States. Type species: Lithospermum officinale L. Corolla white or yellowish, its tube shorter than or equalling the calyx; flowers distant. Nutlets brown, wrinkled and pitted; annual or biennial. i. L. arvense. Nutlets white, smooth and shining ; perennials. Leaves lanceolate, acute ; nutlets ovoid. 2. L. officinale. Leaves ovate, acuminate ; nutlets globose-ovoid. 3. L. latifolium. Corolla dull yellow, its tube longer than the calyx ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers dense. 4. L. pilosum. Corolla bright yellow, its tube much longer than the calyx ; flowers dense ; red-rooted perennials. Corolla-lobes entire ; flowers all complete. Hispid-pubescent ; corolla-tube bearded at the base within. 5. L. carolinense. Hirsute, somewhat canescent ; corolla-tube not bearded at the base. 6. L. canescens. Corolla-lobes erose-denticulate: later flowers cleistogamous. 7. L. linearifolium. i. Lithospermum arvense L. Bastard Alkanet. Corn Gromwell. Fig. 3535. Lithospermum arvense L. Sp. PI. 132. 1753. Annual or biennial, appressed-pubescent ; stem erect, usually branched, 6'-2o' high. Leaves bright green, lanceolate, linear or linear-oblong, sessile or the lowest short-petioled, mostly appressed, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, indistinctly. veined, i'-ij' long, $"-3" wide, the uppermost smaller ; flowers sessile or very nearly so in the spikes, becoming distant, white, about 3" long; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, longer than or equalling the corolla-tube; corolla funnelform, puberulent in the throat but not crested ; nutlets brown, wrinkled and pitted, gla- brous, about i" high, convex on the back, keeled on the inner side, one-third to one-half the length of the calyx-segments. In waste places and fields, Quebec to Ontario and Michigan, south to Georgia and Kansas. Natural- ized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Pearl-plant. Salfern-stoneseed. May-Aug. 88 BORAGINACEAE. VOL. III. 2. Lithospermum officinale L. Cromwell. Fig. 3536. Lithospermum officinale L. Sp. PI. 132. 1753. Perennial, finely puberulent ; stem usually much branched, 2-4 high, leafy. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, few- veined, sessile, ii'~4' long, 3"-i2" wide, the upper surface rough, the lower pubes- cent; flowers yellowish-white, about 2" long, ses- sile ; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, about equal- ling the corolla-tube; corolla funnelform, crested in the throat ; style about as long as the stamens ; nutlets, when mature, white, smooth, shining, about \\" high, ovoid, obtuse, more than one-half as long as the calyx-segments, seldom all ripening. In fields and waste places, Quebec to southern New York, New Jersey and Minnesota. Plant grayish. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Graymile. Littlewale. Pearl-plant. May-Aug. 3. Lithospermum latifolium Michx. American Cromwell. Fig. 3537. Lithospermum latifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 131. 1803. Perennial, rough-puberulent ; stem branched, 2-3 high, the branches long and slender. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, pinnately veined, 2'-5' long, i'-2' wide, or the uppermost smaller, the lowest obtuse ; flowers yellowish white or pale yellow, 2"-3" long, few, solitary, distant ; calyx-segments linear-lanceo- late, about as long as the corolla or a little longer; corolla funnelform, crested in the throat; style shorter than the stamens; nutlets white, shining, globose-ovoid, about 2" long, more than one-half as long as the calyx-segments. In dry thickets and fields, Quebec to New York, Minnesota, Kansas, Virginia, Tennessee and Arkan- sas. May. 4. Lithospermum pilosum Nutt. Woolly Cromwell. Fig-. 3538. Lithospermum pilosum Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. ^ : 43. 1834- Lithospermum Torreyi Nutt. loc. cit. 44. 1834. Perennial from thick roots, hirsute, rather pale green; stems usually stout and clustered, very leafy, 8'-i8' high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2'-4' long, 2"-5" wide, gradually acuminate to the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, indistinctly veined ; flowers dull yellow, very numerous and crowded in a terminal leafy thyrsus ; calyx-seg- ments densely hirsute, shorter than the cylindric corolla-tube; corolla salverform, the throat puberu- lent below each lobe ; style longer than the filaments ; nutlets ovoid, acute, white, shining, about 2" long. Western Nebraska (according to Williams) ; Wyo- ming to Montana, Alberta, British Columbia and Cali- fornia. May-July. GENUS 12. BORAGE FAMILY. 89 1791. 397- 1892. 5. Lithospermum carolinense (Walt.) MacM. Hairy or Gmelin's Puccoon. Fig. 3539. Anonymos carolinensis Walt. Fl. Car. 91. 1788. Batschia carolinensis Gmel. Syst. 2: Part i, 315. Lithospermum carolinianum Lam. Tabl. Encycl. i 1791. Lithospermum hirtum Lehm. Asperif. 305. 1818. Lithospermum carolinense MacM. Met. Minn. 438. Perennial, hispid-pubescent, or scabrous ; stems usually clustered, rather stout, simple, or branched above, i-2i high, very leafy. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, sessile, obtuse or acute at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, 2'-3' long, the lowest commonly reduced to appressed scales, the uppermost oblong; flowers 6"-&" long, in dense short terminal leafy racemes, dimorphous; pedicels i"-3" long; calyx- segments linear-lanceolate, shorter than the tube of the orange-yellow salverform corolla; corolla-lobes entire, rounded, the throat crested, the tube bearded at the base within by 10 hirsute teeth; nutlets white, shining, about 2" high, ovoid, very much shorter than the calyx-segments. In dry woods, western New York to Florida, Minne- sota, Montana and New Mexico. April-June. 6. Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Hoary Puccoon. Fig. 3540. Batschia canescens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 130. pi. 14- 1803. Lithospermum canescens Lehm. Asperif. 305. 1818. Perennial, hirsute, somewhat canescent, at least when young; stems solitary or clustered, simple or often branched, 6'-i8' high. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong, or linear, obtuse or acutish at the apex, sessile by a narrowed base, i'-ii' long, 2"-s" wide, the lowest often reduced to appressed scales; flowers about 6" long, sessile, numerous in dense short leafy racemes, dimorphous; calyx- segments linear-lanceolate, shorter than the tube of the orange-yellow salverform corolla ; corolla crested in the throat, its lobes rounded, entire, its tube glandular but not bearded at the base within ; nutlets white, smooth, shining, acutish, shorter than the calyx-segments. In dry soil, Ontario to western New Jersey and Alabama, Saskatchewan, North Dakota and Texas. April-June. 7. Lithospermum linearifolium Goldie. Narrow-leaved Puccoon. Fig. 3541. L. angustifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 130. 1803. Not Forsk. L. linearifolium Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 1822 : 322. Perennial by a deep root, strigose-pubescent and scabrous; stem branched, 6'-2 high, the branches erect or ascending. Leaves linear, sessile, acute or acutish, i'-2' long, \\"-2.\" wide; flowers of two kinds, in terminal leafy racemes ; corolla of the earlier ones salverform, about i' long, bright yellow, the tube 3-5 -times as long as the linear- lanceolate calyx-segments, the lobes erose-dentic- ulate, the throat crested, the base of the tube not bearded within; later flowers (sometimes all of them) much smaller, pale yellow, cleistqgamous, abundantly fertile, their pedicels recurved in fruit; nutlets white, smooth, shining, ovoid, ii"-2" high, more or less pitted, keeled on the inner side. In dry soil, especially on prairies, Ontario and Indiana to Illinois, Kansas and Texas, west to Brit- ish Columbia, Utah and Arizona. Yellow puccoon. April-July 9 BORAGINACEAE. VOL. III. 13. ONOSMODIUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 132. 1803. Perennial stout hispid or hirsute branching herbs, with alternate entire strongly veined leaves, and rather small yellowish or greenish white proterogynous flowers, in terminal leafy- bracted scorpioid spikes or racemes. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla tubular or tubular- funnel form, 5-lobed, the lobes erect, the throat not appendaged, the sinuses slightly inflexed, the tube with a glandular lo-lobed band within at the base. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla, included; filaments short. Ovary 4-parted ; style filiform, exserted. Nutlets 4, or commonly only i or 2 perfecting, ovoid, sometimes sparingly pitted, shining, smooth, white, attached by the base to the nearly flat receptacle, the scar of attachment small, flat. [Greek, like onosma, or ass-smell.] About 10 species, natives of North America and Mexico. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species: Onosmodium hispidum Michx. Corolla-lobes 2-3 times as long as wide. Corolla-lobes scarcely longer than wide. Stem glabrous below. Stem hirsute or pubescent to the base. Pubescence silky ; nutlets distinctly pitted. Pubescence hirsute to strigose ; nutlets indistinctly pitted. Nutlets not constricted. Nutlets distinctly constricted just above the base. 1. O.virginianum. 2. O. subsetosum. 3. O. molle. 4. O. occidentale. 5. O. hispidissimum. i. Onosmodium virginianum (L.) DC. Vir- ginia False Cromwell. Fig. 3542. Lithospermum virginianum L. Sp. PI. 132. 1753. Onosmodium virginianum DC. Prodr. 10 : 70. 1846. Densely appressed-hispid or strigose, with stiff hairs ; stem rather slender, usually branched above, i-2\ high. Leaves oblong, oval, or oblong-lanceo- late, obtuse or acutish, sessile, i'-3$' long, or the lower oblanceolate and narrowed into petioles ; calyx- segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate; corolla cylin- dric or nearly so, yellowish-white, about 4" long, the lobes narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 2 or 3 times as long as wide, nearly as long as the tube, strigose without ; nutlets ovoid, obtuse or obtusish, pitted, i"-ii" long. In dry thickets or on hillsides, Massachusetts to Penn- sylvania, Florida and Louisiana. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. Wild job's-tears. May-July. 2. Onosmodium subsetosum Mack. & Bush. Ozark False Cromwell. Fig. 3543. O. subsetosum Mack. & Bush; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1001. 1903. Stem erect, glabrous, or with a few scattered ap- pressed hairs above, somewhat branched, 3 high o; less, the branches appressed-pubescent. Leaves lanceo- late, acute, papillose and appressed-hispid above, whitish appressed-pubescent beneath, the larger about 34' long ; bracts i'-r' long; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, 3" long; corolla about 5" long, canescent, its lobes triangular, acute, about i" long; fruiting pedicels 2"-3" long; nut- lets whitish, ovoid, \\" long, obtuse or acutish, not con- stricted, sparingly pitted. Barrens, Ozark Mountains, Missouri and Arkansas. June-Aug. GENUS 13. BORAGE FAMILY. 3. Onosmodium molle Michx. Soft-hairy False Cromwell. Fig. 3544. O. molle Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 133. 1803. Stem erect, branched above, about 2 high, hispid-pubes- cent or strigose, the branches soft-pubescent. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, the larger about 2' long, densely soft-pubescent on both sides; bracts similar to the leaves, i' long or less; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, 3" long, obtusish ; corolla 4"-6" long, its lobes triangular, acute, i"-ij" long, pubescent outside; nutlets about i" long, usually distinctly pitted. Barrens, Kentucky, southern Illinois and Tennessee. July. May- 4. Onosmodium occidentale Mackenzie. Western False Cromwell. Fig. 3545. O. occidentale Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 32 : 502. ,905. O. occidentale sylvestre Mackenzie, loc. cit. 504. 1905- Stem i-3i high, branched above or also from the base, strigose or hirsute-pubescent. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, appressed-pubescent on both sides, or the hairs somewhat spreading, 2-3' long, strongly vein- ed; bracts similar to the leaves but much smaller ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute to ob- tuse, 3"-6" long; corolla 6"-io" long, canes- cent all over outside, its lobes iJ"-2" long, broadly triangular and acute ; nutlets ovoid, acutish, about 2" long, dull, scarcely if at all pitted, not constricted at the base. On prairies and plains, Illinois to North Da- kota, Manitoba, Alberta, Kansas, Texas and New Mexico. Included in O. molle Michx., in our first edition, and by previous authors. May-July. 5. Onosmodium hispidissimum Mackenzie. Shaggy False Cromwell. Fig. 3546. Onosmodium hispidissimum Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Club 32: 500. 1905. Spreading-hirsute with rough bristly hairs; stem stout, usually much branched, i-4 high. Leaves lan- ceolate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, 5-9-ribbed, 2'-4l' long, i'-ij' wide; flowers very numerous and crowded; pedicels i"-2" long in fruit; calyx-segments linear, somewhat shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla yellowish-white, pubescent outside, 5 "-9" long, its lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute, one-third to one-half as long as the tube; nutlets obtuse, about ij" long, dis- tinctly constricted at the base, little if at all pitted. In dry fields or thickets, or on banks, Ontario and west- ern New York to Minnesota, Missouri, Georgia and Texas. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. Previously referred to Onosmodium carolinianum (Lam.) DC. May-July. BORAGINACEAE. VOL. III. 14. SYMPHYTUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 136. 1753. Erect coarse hairy perennial branching herbs, with thick mucilaginous roots, alternate entire leaves, those of the stem mostly clasping, the uppermost tending to be opposite, the lower long-petioled. Flowers yellow, blue, or purple, in terminal simple or forked scorpioid racemes. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla tubular, slightly dilated above, 5-toothed or 5-lobed, the lobes short, the throat with 5 crests below the lobes. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments slender. Ovary 4-divided; style filiform. Nutlets 4, obliquely ovoid, slightly incurved, wrinkled, inserted by their bases on the flat receptacle, the scar of the attachment broad, concave, dentate. [Greek, grow-together, from its supposed healing virtues.] About 15 species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Symphytum officinale L. Leaf-bases decurrent. i . S. officinale. Leaf-bases not decurrent, or but slightly decurrent. 2. S. asperrimum. i. Symphytum officinale L. Comfrey. Healing-herb. Fig. 3547. Symphytum officinale L. Sp. PI. 136. 1753. Roots thick, deep; stem erect, branched, 2-3 high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or the lower ovate, pinnately veined, 3'-io' long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed into mar- gined petioles, or the uppermost smaller and sessile, decurrent on the stem; petioles of the basal leaves sometimes 12' long ; flowers numer- ous, in dense racemes or clusters ; pedicels 2"-^" long; calyx-segments ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, much shorter than the co- rolla; corolla yellowish or purplish, 6"-io" long; nutlets brown, shining, slightly wrinkled, 2" high. In waste places, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Virginia and North Carolina. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. June Aug. Back- or black-wort. Bruisewort. Knit- back. Boneset. Consound. Gum-plant. Symphytum tuberosum L., with thickened tuber- pus roots, the nutlets granular-tuberculate, not shin- ing, has been found in sandy meadows in Con- necticut. 2. Symphytum asperimum Donn. Rough Comfrey. Fig. 3548. S. asperrimum Donn ; Sims, Bot. Mag. 24 : pi. 929. 1806. Similar to S. officinale, but the pubescence rougher, the hairs stiff and reflexed. Leaves ovate- lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, all but the upper- most petioled, slightly or not at all decurrent, the lower often 8' long; flower-clusters rather loose; calyx about half as long as the corolla-tube, its segments hispid ; corolla bluish-purple. Waste grounds, Massachusetts to Maryland. Ad- ventive or naturalized from Europe. June-Aug. 15. BORAGO [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 137. 1753. Hirsute or hispid annual or biennial branching herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and showy blue flowers, in terminal loose leafy racemes. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla rotate, the tube very short, the throat closed by scales, the limb 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated, acute. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube ; filaments dilated below, narrowed above into a slender appendage ; anthers linear, erect, and connivent into a cone. Ovary 4-divided; style filiform. Nutlets 4, ovoid, erect, attached by their bases to the flat receptacle, the scar of attachment large, concave. [Middle Latin, burra, rough hair, alluding to the foliage.] Three species, natives of the Mediterranean region, the following typical. GENUS 15. BORAGE FAMILY. i. Borago officinalis L. Borage. Fig. 3549- Borago officinalis L. Sp. PI. 137. 1753. Stem erect, branched, i-2z high, the branches spreading or ascending. Leaves ob- long to obovate, acute or obtuse at the apex, 2 r -->' long, narrowed into margined petioles, or the upper smaller, ovate-lanceolate, sessile or partly clasping; flowers 8"-io" broad, pedicels rather stout, iJ'-2' long, spreading or recurving; calyx-segments lanceolate, nearly erect in fruit; corolla bright blue, the lobes ovate-lanceolate; the cone of anthers darker, about 3" long; nutlets 2" high. In waste places, escaped from gardens, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Pennsylvania, but prob- ably not persistent within our range. Native of southern Europe. June-Sept. 16. LYCOPSIS L. Sp .PI. 138. 1753. Annual bristly-hispid branched erect or diffuse herbs, with alternate leaves, and small blue or bluish flowers, in dense leafy-bracted terminal spike-like scorpioid racemes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla slightly irregular, salverform, the tube curved, the limb somewhat unequally 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse, imbricated, the throat closed by hispid scales. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments short; anthers obtuse at each end. Ovary 4-divided; style filiform. Nutlets 4, wrinkled, erect, attached by their bases to the flat recep- tacle, the scar of attachment concave. [Greek, wolf- face.] About 4 species, natives of _the Old World, the following typical. i. Lycopsis arvensis L. Small Bugloss. Fig. 3550- Lycopsis arvensis L. Sp. PI. 139. 1753. Stem erect or ascending, at length divergently or diffusely branched, i-2 high, the branches becoming procumbent. Leaves lanceolate, nar- rowly oblong or the lower oblanceolate, obtuse, i'-2' long, undulate or dentate, sessile, or the lower narrowed into petioles, the upper much smaller and acute or acutish ; flowers numerous, crowded, 2"-3" broad, very short-pedicelled ; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, nearly as long as the curved corolla-tube; nutlets shorter than the calyx. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota, Pennsylvania and Virginia. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Sept. 17. ECHIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 139. 1753. Biennial or perennial mostly bristly-hirsute branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and rather large blue violet or rarely white flowers, in leafy-bracted scorpioid spikes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla tubular- funnel form, irregular, the limb unequally 5-lobed, the lobes rounded, spreading, the throat not appendaged. Stamens 5, inserted low down on the tube of the corolla, unequal, at least the longer ones exserted ; filaments slender, dilated at the base; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary 4-divided; style filiform, 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets 4, erect, ovoid, rugose, attached by their bases to the flat receptacle, the scar of attachment not concave. [Greek, a viper.] About 30 species, natives of the Old World. Type species : Echium itdlicum L. BORAGINACEAE. VOL. III. i. Echium vulgare L. Viper's Bugloss. Blue- weed. Fig. 3551. Echium vulgare L. Sp. PI. 140. 1753. Bristly-hairy, biennial ; stem erect, at length much branched, i-2j high. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong, or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, entire, 2 '-6' long, sessile, or the lower and basal ones narrowed into petioles; flower-buds pink; flowers bright blue, vary- ing to violet purple, 8"-i2'' long, numerous in short i-sided spikes, forming a narrow thyrsus; calyx-seg- ments much shorter than the corolla; limb of the corolla oblique, the lobes very unequal. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to North Caro- lina, Ontario and Nebraska. A troublesome w'eed in some sections of the North. Naturalized from Europe. Native also in Asia. June-July. Viper's-herb. Viper's-grass. Snake-flower. Blue thistle. Blue stem or cat's-tails. Blue devils. Adder's-wort. Family 25. VERBENACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. i : 245. 1805. VERVAIN FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs or some tropical genera trees, with opposite verticillate or rarely alternate leaves, and perfect, more or less irregular, or sometimes regular flowers, in terminal or axillary spikes, racemes, cymes or panicles. Calyx inferior, mostly persistent, usually 4-5-lobed or 4 5-cleft. Corolla gamopetalous, regular, or 2-lipped, the tube usually cylindric and the limb 4 5-cleft. Stamens 4, didy- namous, rarely only 2, or as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-4-celled (rarely 8-io-celled), composed of 2 carpels, each carpel with 2 anatropous or amphitropous ovules, thus in 4-celled ovaries i ovule in each cavity ; style terminal, simple ; stigmas i or 2. Fruit dry, separating at maturity into 2-4 nutlets, or a drupe containing the 2-4 nutlets. Endosperm little or none, or rarely fleshy ; embryo straight. About 75 genera and 1300 species, of wide geographic distribution in temperate and warm regions. Flowers in heads or spikes ; ovary 2-4-celled ; fruit of 2 or 4 erect nutlets ; ours herbs. Corolla-limb 5-lobed, regular or nearly so ; nutlets 4. i. Verbena. Corolla-limb 4-lobed, 2-lipped ; nutlets 2. 2. Lippia. Flowers in axillary cymes ; shrubs ; fruit drupaceous. 3. Callicarpa. i. VERBENA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 18. 1753. Herbs (some exotic species shrubby), mostly with opposite leaves, and variously colored bracted flowers, in terminal solitary corymbed or panicled spikes. Calyx usually tubular, 5-angled, more or less unequally 5-toothed. Corolla salverform or funnelform, the tube straight or somewhat curved, the limb spreading, 5-lobed, slightly 2-lipped or regular. Stamens 4, didynamous, or very rarely only 2, included; connective of the anthers unap- pendaged, or sometimes provided with a gland. Ovary 4-celled; ovule I in each cavity; style usually short, 2-lobed at the summit, one of the lobes stigmatic. Fruit dry, mostly enclosed by the calyx, at length separating into 4, i-seeded linear or linear-oblong crustaceous smooth papillose or rugose nutlets. [Latin name of a sacred herb.] About 100 species, natives of America, or a single one indigenous in the Mediterranean region. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Type species : Verbena officinalis L. Flowers 2" -5" long, in narrow spikes ; anthers unappendaged. Spikes filiform or slender ; bracts shorter than the flowers. Spikes filiform ; fruit scattered ; corolla usually white. Leaves incised or pinnatifid ; diffuse annual ; fruit short. Leaves serrate (rarely incised) ; erect perennial; fruit oblong. Spikes slender ; fruit densely imbricated ; corolla blue. Plants glabrous or sparingly rough-pubescent ; corolla 2" -3" long. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, petioled. Leaves linear or spatulate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse and sessil Plants densely soft-pubescent ; corolla 4"-s" long. Spikes thick, dense ; bracts longer than the flowers. Flowers 7" 12" long, in short dense elongating spikes ; connective of the longer stamens appendaged. Corolla-limb 6"-i 2" broad ; bracts mostly shorter than the calyx. 7. V. car.adensis. Corolla-limb 4" 7" broad ; bracts equalling or exceeding the calyx. 8. V. bipinnatifida. V . officinalis. V . urticifolia. 3. V. hastata. 4. V. angustifolia. 5. V. stricta. 6. V . bracteosa. GENUS i. VERVAIN FAMILY. i. Verbena officinalis L. European Ver- vain. Herb-of-the-Cross. Berbine. Fig- 3552. Verbena officinalis L. Sp. PI. 20. 1753. Annual ; stem 4-sided, slender, glabrous or nearly so, ascending or spreading, diffusely branched, i-3 high. Leaves minutely pubescent, the lower deeply incised or 1-2 pinnatifid, ovate, oblong, or obovate in outline, i'-3' long, narrowed into mar- gined petioles, the teeth acute; upper leaves linear or lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile; spikes several or numerous, filiform, at length 4'-$' long; fruits less than i" high, scattered along the spikes, not at all imbricated ; bracts ovate, acuminate, shorter than the 5-toothed calyx ; corolla pur- plish or white, the limb i"-2" broad. In waste and cultivated ground, Maine to Florida, Tennessee and Texas. Also on the Pacific Coast and in the West Indies. Naturalized from the Old World. Sometimes a troublesome weed. Herb-grace. Holy-herb. Enchanter's-plant. Juno's-tears. Pigeon's- grass. Simpler's-joy. June-Sept. 2. Verbena urticifolia L. White or Nettle-leaved Vervain. Fig. 3553. Verbena urticifolia L. Sp. PI. 20. 1753. V. urticifolia riparia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 276. 1894. V. riparia Raf . ; Small & Heller, Mem. Torr. Club 3: 12. 1892. Perennial, usually pubescent; stem slender, strict, erect, 4-sided, paniculately branched above, 3-5 high, the branches upright. Leaves ovate, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, all petioled, or the uppermost sessile, serrate-dentate all around, or incised, some- times 3-cle.ft near the base, thin, acute or acuminate, mostly rounded at the base, ii'-5' long; spikes nu- merous, filiform, erect, or spreading, at length 4'-6' long; fruits oblong, scattered, not at all imbricated, about i" high; bracts ovate, acuminate, shorter than the calyx ; corolla white, blue or pale purple, its limb about i" broad. In fields and waste places, New Brunswick to South Dakota, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Hybridizes with V. bracteosa, V. hastata and V. stricta. June-Sept. Verbena carolinensis (Walt.) Gmel., with sessile, spatulate to oblong leaves and larger bluish- flowers, native of the Southeastern States, is recorded as occur- ring north to Virginia. 3. Verbena hastata L. Blue or False Ver- vain. Wild Hyssop. Fig. 3554. Verbena hastata L. Sp. PI. 20. 1753. Verbena pinnatifida Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1 : 57. 1791. Verbena paniculata Lam. Encycl. 8: 548. 1808. Verbena hastata pinnatifida Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 276. 1894. Perennial, roughish-puberulent ; stem erect, strict, 4-sided, usually branched above, 3-7 high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, ser- rate or incised-dentate with acute teeth, sometimes pinnatifid, 3 '-6' long, the lower sometimes hastately 3-lobed at the base ; spikes numerous, panicled, slen- der, usually peduncled, 2' -6' long; fruits densely imbricated on the spikes, \"-\\" high; bracts ovate, acuminate, shorter than the calyx ; corolla blue, white, or sometimes pink, its limb about li" broad. In moist fields, meadows and in waste places, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, Florida, Nebraska and Ari- zona. Hybridizes with V. stricta and V. bracteosa. American vervain. Purvain. Iron-weed. June-Sept. VERBENACEAE. VOL. III. 4. Verbena angustifolia Michx. Narrow- leaved Vervain. Fig. 3555. V. angustifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 14. 1803. Perennial, roughish-puberulent or pubescent; stem slender, simple or branched, 4-sided above, i-2 high. Leaves linear, spatulate or lanceo- late, obtuse or subacute at the apex, cuneate at the base and tapering into short petioles, serrate or serrulate, veiny, i-3' long, 2" -5" wide; spikes mostly solitary at the ends of the branches, usually peduncled, slender, dense, 2'-5' long ; fruits overlapping or the lower somewhat dis- tant, ii" high; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, equalling or shorter than the calyx; corolla pur- ple or blue, about 3" long, its limb about as broad, the lobes obovate or oblong. In dry fields, Massachusetts to Florida, west to Minnesota, Kansas and Arkansas. Hybridizes with V. stricta and V. bracteosa. June-Aug. 5. Verbena stricta Vent. Hoary or Mullen-leaved Vervain. Fig. 3556. V. stricta Vent. Descr. PI. Jard. Cels. pi. 53. 1 800. Verbena rigens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 14. 1803. Perennial, densely soft-pubescent all over with whitish hairs ; stem stout, obtusely 4-an- gled, simple, or branched above, strict, very leafy, i-2| high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, very short-petioled, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, promi- nently veined, incised-serrate or laciniate, i'~4' long; spikes solitary, or several, mostly sessile, dense, stout, becoming 6'-i2' long in fruit; fruits much imbricated, 2"-2i" high; bracts lanceolate-subulate, nearly as long as the ca- lyx; corolla purplish blue, 4"-5" long, its limb nearly as broad. In dry soil, Ontario and Ohio to Minnesota, South Dakota and Wyoming, south to Tennessee, Texas and New Mexico. Naturalized as a weed further east. Hybridizes with V. bracteosa. June- Sept. 6. Verbena bracteosa Michx. Large- bracted Vervain. Fig. 3557. V. bracteosa, Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 13. 1803. Perennial, hirsute-pubescent; stem 4-sided, much branched from the base, the branches decumbent or ascending, slender, 6'-is' long. Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate in outline, pin- nately incised or pinnatifid, i'-3' long, more or less cuneate at the base and narrowed into short petioles, the lobes mostly dentate ; spikes sessile, stout, dense, becoming 4'-6' long in fruit ; bracts conspicuous, linear-lanceolate, rather rigid, longer than the flowers and fruits, the lower ones often incised; corolla purplish blue, about 2" long. On prairies and in waste places, Minnesota and Illinois to Virginia, Alabama and Florida, west to British Columbia, Arizona and California. In ballast grounds at Atlantic seaports. Hybridizes with V. canadensis. Prostrate vervain. May-Aug. GENUS I. VERVAIN FAMILY. 97 7. Verbena canadensis (L.) Britton. Large-flowered Verbena. Fig. 3558. Buchnera canadensis L. Mant. 88. 1767. V. Aubletia Jaccj. Hort. V. 2: 82. pi. 176. 1772. Glandularia carolinensis J. G. Gmel. Syst. 2 : 920. 1796. Verbena canadensis Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 276. 1894. Perennial, pubescent or glabrate ; stem slen- der, usually branched, 8'-2o' high, the branches ascending. Leaves membranous, ovate in out- line, petioled, i'-3' long, truncate or broadly cuneate at the base, irregularly toothed, or pinnately incised, often 3-cleft, the lobes den- tate ; spikes peduncled, solitary at the ends of the branches, dense, short and capitate when in early flower, becoming 2'-^ long in fruit ; bracts linear-subulate, mostly shorter than the calyx; calyx-teeth filiform-subulate; corolla io'-i2" long, blue, purple, white or in cultivation variegated, its limb f-12," broad, the lobes oblong or obovate, emargi- nate or obcordate; fruit 2|"-3" high. In dry soil, Illinois to Tennessee, Virginia and Florida, west to Kansas and Texas. This and the next the source of many garden and other hybrids. Cut-leaved races have been referred to V. Drummondii (Lindl.) Baxter. May-Aug. 8. Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. Smail- flowered Verbena. Fig. 3559. Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 2: 123. 1821. Glandularia bipinnatifida Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 184. 1833-37- Verbena ambrosiaefolia Rydb. ; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. ion. 1903. Perennial, producing suckers, hirsute or hispid; stems rather stout, mostly branched, erect, 6'-i8' high. Leaves firm, petioled or the uppermost sessile, broadly ovate in out- line, deeply i-2-pinnatifid into linear or linear- oblong, obtuse or subacute lobes and seg- ments; spikes peduncled or sessile, solitary at the ends of the branches, thick, dense, at first short and capitate, becoming 2-4' long in fruit; bracts linear-subulate, about as long as or somewhat exceeding the calyx ; calyx- teeth filiform-subulate; corolla 6"-g" long, purple or lilac, the limb 4" -7" broad, the lobes emarginate or obcordate ; fruit ii"-2" long. On dry plains and prairies, South Dakota to Missouri, Texas and Chihuahua, west to Colo- rado and Arizona. May-Sept. 2. LIPPIA Houst; L. Sp. PI. 633. 1753. Perennial herbs, or shrubs, with opposite, sometimes verticillate, or rarely alternate leaves, and small bracted flowers, in axillary or terminal, mostly peduncled spikes or heads. Calyx small, membranous, ovoid, campanulate or compressed and 2-winged, 2-4-toothed or 2-4-cleft. Corolla-tube straight or incurved, cylindric, the limb oblique, spreading, somewhat 2-lipped, 4-cleft, the lobes broad, often retuse or eroded. Stamens 4, didynamous, included or exserted ; anthers ovate, not appendaged, the sacs nearly parallel. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules I in each cavity; style short; stigma oblique or recurved. Fruit dry, with a membranous exocarp, at length separating into 4 nutlets. [In honor of Auguste Lippi, 1678-1703, French naturalist.] About no species, most abundant in tropical and subtropical America, a few African. Besides the following, which by some authors are separated as a distinct genus (PHYLA Lour.), about 6 others occur in the southern United States. Type species : Lippia americana L. Leaves linear-cuneate to spatulate, 2-8-toothed ; peduncles little exceeding leaves. i. L. cuneifolia. Leaves sharply serrate ; peduncles much longer than leaves. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly acute. 2. L. lanceolata. Leaves spatulate or obovate, mostly obtuse. 3. L. nodiflora. 7 VERBENACEAE. VOL. III. i. Lippia cuneif olia (Torr.) Steud. Wedge- leaved Fog-fruit. Fig. 3560. Zapania cuneif olia Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 234. 1827. Lippia cuneif olia Steud. ; Torr. in Marcy's Rep. 293. PL 17. 1853. Pale, minutely puberulent with forked hairs or glabrous, diffusely branched from the woody base; branches terete, slender, rigid, procumbent, some- what zigzag, with short erect branchlets at the nodes. Leaves linear-cuneate, sessile, obscurely veined, rigid, l'-ii' long, 2"-$" wide, with 2-8 sharp teeth above the middle or rarely entire, acutish at the apex; peduncles shorter than or somewhat exceeding the leaves; head at first globose, becoming cylindric and 6"-8 ' long; bracts cuneate, abruptly acuminate from the trun- cate or retuse summit; calyx flattened, 2-cleft, the lobes 2-toothed or emarginate ; corolla-tube longer than the calyx; fruit oblong. On plains, South Dakota, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas, Mexico and Arizona. May-Aug. 2. Lippia lanceolata Michx. Fog-fruit. Fig- 356i. L. lanceolata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 15. 1803. Green, glabrous, or very sparingly pubes- cent with forked hairs; stems slender, weak, procumbent or ascending, sometimes rooting at the nodes, simple, or little branched, i-2 long. Leaves thin, oblong, ovate, or oblong- lanceolate, pinnately veined, short-petioled, acute or subacute at the apex, sharply serrate to below 'the middle, narrowed to the some- what cuneate base, i'-3' long, 3"-is" wide; peduncles slender, some or all of them longer than the leaves; heads at first globose, becom- ing cylindric and about \' long in fruit ; bracts acute ; calyx flattened, 2-cleft ; corolla pale blue, scarcely longer than the calyx; fruit globose. In moist soil, Ontario to Minnesota, New Jer- sey, Illinois, Kansas, Florida, Texas and north- ern Mexico. Also in California. Frog-fruit. June-Aug. 3. Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx. Spatu- late-leaved Fog-fruit. Fig. 3562. Verbena nodiflora L. Sp. PI. 20. 1753. Lippia nodiflora Michx Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 15. 1803. Minutely and rather densely puberulent with short appressed hairs, creeping, or some of the branches ascending, i-3 long. Leaves thickish, spatulate, oblanceolate, or obovate, 6"-2i' long, 3 "-12" wide, mostly obtuse at the apex, narrowed into a long or short cuneate entire base, sharply serrate above the middle; peduncles slender, i'-6' long, much longer than the leaves ; heads at length cylindric and 5"-i2" long, $"-4" thick; calyx flat- tened, 2-cleft; corolla purple to white. In wet or moist soil, South Carolina to southern Missouri, Florida and Texas. Also in California, Central America, the West Indies, and apparently the same species in the warmer regions of the Old World. May-Sept. GENUS 3. VERVAIN FAMILY. 99 3. CALLICARPA L. Sp. PL in. 1753. Shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves, and small blue purple or white flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx short, campanulate, 4-toothed (rarely 5-toothed), or truncate. Corolla- tube short, expanded above, the limb spreading, 4-cleft (rarely 5-cleft), the lobes equal, imbri- cated in the bud. Stamens 4, equal, exserted; anthers ovate or oval, their sacs parallel. Ovary incompletely 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity, laterally attached, amphitropous ; style slender; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Fruit a berry-like drupe, much longer than the calyx, containing 1-4 nutlets. [Greek, handsome fruit.] About 45 species, the following typical one of southeastern North America, the others Asiatic, African and tropical American. i. Callicarpa americana. L. French or Bermuda Mulberry. Fig. 3563. Callicarpa americana L. Sp. PI. in. 1753. A shrub, 2-5 high, the twigs, petioles and young leaves stellate-scurfy, the mature leaves becoming nearly glabrous and glandular-dotted. Twigs terete ; leaves thin, ovate, pinnately veined, slender-petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, crenate-dentate nearly to the entire base, 3'-6' long, i~3' wide; cymes many-flowered, short- peduncled ; pedicels very short ; calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube ; corolla pale blue, about \\" long; fruit violet-blue, globose, \\" in diam- eter, very conspicuous in autumn. In moist thickets, Virginia to Florida, Missouri, Arkansas and Texas. Bermuda. June-July. Sour- bush. Callicarpa purpurea Juss., an Asiatic shrub often planted for ornament, with pink flowers and long leaves, has been observed in a swamp at Wilmington, Delaware. 1759- Family 26. LABIATAE B. Juss.'Hort. Trian. MINT FAMILY. Aromatic punctate herbs, or shrubs (a few tropical species trees), mostly with 4-sided stems and simple opposite leaves ; stipules none. Flowers irregular, perfect, variously clustered, the inflorescence typically cymose, usually bracteolate. Calyx inferior, persistent, regular or 2-lipped, 5-toothed or 5-lobed (rarely 4-toothed), mostly nerved. Corolla with a short or long tube, the limb 4-5-lobed, mostly 2-lipped, regular in a few genera; upper lip 2-lobed, or sometimes entire; lower lip mostly 3-lobed. Stamens borne on the corolla-tube, typically 4 and didy- namous, sometimes 2 with or without staminodia, rarely equal ; filaments separate, mostly slender, alternate with the corolla-lobes ; anthers 2-celled, introrse, or con- fluently i-celled, or sometimes of a single sac. Disk usually present, fleshy. Ovary 4-lobed or 4-parted, superior, each lobe or division with I mostly anatropous ovule; style arising from .the center of the lobed or parted ovary, 2-lobed at the summit. Fruit of 4 i-seeded nutlets. Seed erect (transverse in Scutellaria) ; endosperm scanty, or usually none; embryo mostly straight; radicle short, inferior. About 1 60 genera and 3200 species, of wide distribution in temperate and tropical regions. The family is also known as LAMIACEAE. The foliage abounds in volatile oils. A. Ovary 4-lobed, the style not basal; nutlets laterally attached. (AJUGEAE.) Corolla-limb very irregular, apparently i-lipped, or the other lip very short; stamens exserted. Upper lip of corolla short, truncate. i. Ajuga. Upper lip of corolla 2-lobed, or all the lobes united into the lower lip. Corolla-limb nearly equally 5-lobed. Corolla-lobes spreading ; stamens short-exserted. Corolla-lobes declined ; stamens long-exserted. B. Ovary 4-parted, the style basal; nutlets basally attached. * Calyx with a protuberance on the upper side. (SCUTELLARIEAE.) 5. Scutellaria. ** Calyx not gibbous on the upper side. (STACHYEAE.) Stamens and style very short, included in the corolla-tube. Anther-sacs parellel. Anther-sacs, at least of the upper stamens, divergent. Stamens longer, not included in the corolla-tube. 2. Teucrium. 3. Isanthus. 4. Trichostetna. 6. Marrubium. 7. Sideritis. 100 LABIATAE. VOL. 1 1 1. 8. Agastache. g. Meehania. 10. Nepeta. 11. Glecoma. 12. Moldavica. 13. Prunella. 14. Dracocephalum. 15. Synandra. 1 6. Phlomis. 17. Galeopsis. 1 8. Lamium. 19. Leonurus. 20. Ballota. t Corolla strongly 2-lipped ; lips unlike, the upper concave. (a.) Anther-bearing stamens 4. Posterior (upper) pair of stamens longer than the anterior. Anther-sacs parallel or nearly so. Tall erect herbs ; posterior stamens declined, anterior ascending. Trailing herb ; stamens all ascending under upper lip of corolla. Anther-sacs divergent. Calyx tubular, nearly equally s-toothed, not 2-lipped ; plant erect. Calyx distinctly 2-lipped, or unequally s-toothed. Trailing herb ; calyx unequally 5-toothed. Erect herbs ; calyx 2-lipped. Posterior pair of stamens shorter than the anterior. Calyx distinctly 2-lipped, closed in fruit. Calyx 3-io-toothed, not distinctly 2-lipped, open in fruit. Calyx membranous, inflated in fruit, faintly nerved. Calyx nearly equally s-toothed, or s-lobed. Calyx 4-lobed. Calyx not membranous, not inflated in fruit, distinctly s-io-nerved. Style-branches very unequal. Style-branches equal, or nearly so. Anther-sacs transversely 2-valved. Anther-sacs not transversely 2-valved, parallel or divergent. Nutlets 3-sided, truncate. Calyx-teeth not spiny-tipped. Calyx-teeth spiny-tipped. Nutlets ovoid, rounded above. Calyx with a spreading s-toothed limb. Calyx-limb not spreading. Corolla-tube not longer than calyx ; anther-sacs divergent. 21. Stachys. Corolla-tube exserted ; lower petioles very long ; anther-sacs parallel. 22. Betonica. (b.) Anther-bearing stamens 2. Connective of the anther very long, bearing a perfect sac at one end, and a rudimentary one, or none, at the other. 23. Salvia. Connective very short, the anther-sacs confluent. Calyx tubular, is-nerved, equally s-toothed. 24. Monarda. Calyx ovoid-tubular, i3-nerved, 2-lipped. 25. Blephilia. tt Corolla 2-lipped, or regular ; upper lip, when present, flat, or only slightly concave. (a.) Flowers in axillary whorls or clusters, or these forming terminal spikes. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens curved, often converging, or ascending under the upper lip Anther-bearing stamens 2. Anther-bearing stamens 4. Corolla-tube upwardly curved, exserted. Corolla-tube straight. Calyx lo-nerved, campanulate, about equally s-toothed. Calyx mostly i3-nerved, tubular, 2-lipped. Stamens straight, often diverging. Calyx is-nerved. Calyx io-i3-nerved. Anther-bearing stamens 4. Anther-sacs divergent. Calyx equally s-toothed ; erect herbs. Calyx 2-lipped ; creeping herbs. Anther-sacs parallel. Anther-bearing stamens 2. Corolla regular, 4-s-lobed. Anther-bearing stamens 2 ; plants not aromatic. \nther-bearing stamens 4 ; aromatic fragrant herbs. of the corolla. 26. Hedeoma. 27. Melissa. 28. Satureia. 29. Clinopodiutn. 30. Hyssopus. 31. Origanum. 32. Thyunis. 33. Koellia. 34. Cunila. 35. Lycopus. 36. Mentha. (b.) Flowers in terminal panicled racemes or spikes; corolla 2-lipped. Anther-bearing stamens 2 ; lower lip of corolla long, fimbriate ; native. 37. Collinsonia. Anther-bearing stamens 4 ; lower lip of corolla not fimbriate ; introduced. Flowers racemose. 38. Perilla. Flowers densely spiked. 39- Elsholtzia. i. AJUGA L. Sp. PI. 561. 1753. Annual or perennial, often stoloniferous herbs, mostly with dentate leaves, and rather large verticillate-clustered flowers in terminal spikes, or in the upper axils. Calyx ovoid or campanulate, lo-many-nerved, 5-toothed or s-lobed, the teeth or lobes nearly equal. Corolla- limb 2-lipped, the upper lip short, truncate or emarginate, the lower spreading, with 2 small lateral lobes and a much larger emarginate or 2-cleft middle one. Stamens 4, didynamous, somewhat exserted beyond the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer; anther- GENUS i. MINT FAMILY. 101 sacs divergent, only slightly confluent at the base. Ovary not deeply 4-lobed. Nutlets obovoid, rugose-reticulate. [Greek, without a yoke; from the seeming absence of the upper lip of the corolla.] About 40 species, natives of the Old World. Type species : Ajuga reptans L. Sparingly pubescent, or glabrous, stoloniferous. Pubescent with long hairs, not stoloniferous. 1. A. reptans. 2. A. genevensis. i. Ajuga reptans L. Bugle. Fig. 3564. Ajuga reptans L. Sp. PI. 561. 1753. Perennial, sparingly pubescent or glabrous, producing slender creeping stolons sometimes i long; stem erect, rather stout, 6'-is' tall. Basal leaves tufted, obovate, rounded at the apex, crenate or undulate, i'~3' long, tapering into margined petioles; leaves of the stem ob- long or oblanceolate, much smaller, sessile or nearly so, those of the stolons mostly petioled ; upper flower-clusters often forming a short spike, the lower commonly distant and axil- lary; corolla blue or nearly white, about \' long. In fields, Quebec and Maine to southern New York, locally naturalized from Europe. Brown bugle. Middle comfrey. Carpenter's-herb. Sickle- wort. May- June. 2. Ajuga genevensis L. Fig. Erect Bugle. Ajuga genevensis L. Sp. PI. 561. 1753. Perennial, not stoloniferous; stems usually sev- eral from the root, ascending, rather stout, long- pubescent. Leaves long-pubescent, the basal ones long-petioled, spatulate or oblanceolate, obtuse, sparingly toothed or entire, 2'-^' long, the upper sessile, obovate to ovate, usually coarsely den- tate, much smaller; bracts pubescent, the upper shorter than the flowers; inflorescence mostly dense; corolla i'-f long. In fields and waste grounds, Maine to New York and Pennsylvania. Adventive from Europe. May- July. 2. TEUCRIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 562. 1753. Herbs or shrubs, with dentate entire or laciniate leaves, and rather small pink, white or purplish flowers, in terminal bracted spikes or heads, or verticillate in the upper axils. Calyx tubular-campanulate, lo-nerved, equally or unequally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube short, the limb irregularly s-lobed, the 2 short upper lobes oblong, declined or erect, the lateral lobe declined, more or less united with the upper ones, the lower lobe broader, also declined. Stamens 4, didynamous, exserted between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer ; anther-sacs divergent, confluent at the base. Ovary 4-lobed ; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets obovoid, rugose-reticulated. [Named from the Trojan king, Teucer.] Over 100 species, of wide distribution in temperate and tropical regions. Besides the follow- ing, 2 or 3 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species: Teucrium fritticans L. 102 LABIATAE. VOL. III. *PERENNIAL SPECIES. 1. Leaves toothed. t Flowers in terminal dense spike-like panicles. Calyx and bracts canescent, without long hairs. Leaves, at least the lower, obtuse or rounded at the base, not rugose-veined. 1 . T. canadense. Leaves narrowed at the base, rugose-veined, mostly narrowly lanceolate. 2. T. littorale. Calyx and bracts villous and often glandular-pubescent. 3. T. occidentals. ft Flowers in secund terminal spikes. 4. T. Scorodonia. 2. Leaves laciniate ; flowers axillary. 5. T. laciniatum. ** ANNUAL SPECIES, with pinnatifid leaves and axillary flowers. 6. T. Botrys. i. Teucrium canadense L. American Germander or Wood Sage. Fig. 3566. Teucrium canadense L. Sp. PI. 564. 1753. Teucrium virginicum L. Sp. PL 564. 1753- Perennial, appressed-pubescent or canescent ; stem erect, simple or somewhat branched, rather slender, i-2 tall. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate at the apex, irregularly dentate, mostly rounded at the base, short-petioled, li'-s" long, i'-2' wide, glabrous or sparingly pubes- cent above, densely canescent beneath; spike usually dense, becoming 6'-i2 r long in fruit, bracts canescent, the lower sometimes folia- ceous, the upper commonly not longer than the canescent calyx; flowers 6"-io" long, very short-pedicelled ; calyx about 3" long in fruit, its three upper teeth obtuse or subacute. In moist thickets or along marshes, New Eng- land to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida, Kansas and Texas. Ascends to 2600 ft. in Virginia. Ground- pine. June-Sept. 2. Teucrium littorale Bicknell. Narrow-leaved Germander. Fig. 3567. Teucrium littorale Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 28 : 169. 1901. T. canadense var. littorale Fernald, Rhodora 10 : Pale and canescent, 2 high or less, erect or assurgent, often with ascending branches. Leaves thickish and rugose-veiny, narrowly ob- long or sometimes broader, narrowed into the petiole, closely fine-serrate or becoming un- equally dentate-serrate, 2^-4' long, i'-ij' wide; petioles 2j"-5" long; spikes narrow, often in- terrupted; bracts about the length of the ca- lyx ; calyx small, 2 "-2!" high, becoming some- what gibbous-urceolate, the teeth short, the upper ones obtuse; corolla pale pink, about 8" long, loosely pilose without. On or near the coast, Maine to Florida and Texas, north to Arkansas and Oklahoma. In- cluded in our first edition in T. canadense L., and there figured for that species. July-Aug. GENUS 2. MINT FAMILY. 103 3. Teucrium occidentale A. Gray. Hairy Germander. Fig. 3568. Teucrium occidentale A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: 349. 1878. T. boreale Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club 28: 171. 1901. Perennial, villous or pubescent; stem erect, rather stout, usually much branched, i-3 high, the branches ascending. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, thin, acute or acuminate at the apex, sharply den- tate, mostly rounded at the base, usually slender- petioled, i'-3i' long, i'-ii' wide; spikes dense, be- coming 3'-8' long in fruit; bracts lanceolate-subu- late or the lower sometimes larger, villous and often glandular; calyx and axis of the spike villous- pubescent and often glandular, the 3 upper calyx- teeth acute or acutish; corolla 4"-6" long. In moist soil, Maine and Ontario to eastern Pennsyl- vania, British Columbia, Ohio, Nebraska, New Mexico and California. July-Sept. 4. Teucrium Scorodonia L. Wood Germander. Fig- 3569. Teucrium Scorodonia L. Sp. PI. 564. 1753. Perennial, villous-pubescent, 2 high or less, the branches erect- ascending. Leaves mostly ovate, i'-2i' long, obtuse or acute at the apex, cordate or subtruncate at the base, crenate, the petioles 2i"-7" long; racemes narrow, rather loosely flowered, often 5' long, the flowers secund, mostly in pairs, the pedicels shorter than the calyx, equalling or shorter than the ovate, acute or acuminate bracts; calyx veiny, the upper tooth broad; corolla light yellow, 3"~4" long. A weed in cultivated fields, Ontario, and reported from Ohio. Ad- ventive from Europe. June-Sept. 5. Teucrium laciniatum Torr. Cut-leaved Germander. Fig. 3570- Teucrium laciniatum Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 231. 1828. Melosmon laciniatum Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1019. 1903. Diffusely branched from a woody perennial root, i high or less, densely leafy, glabrous, or nearly so. Leaves ii' long or less, pinnately parted into 3-7 stiff, linear, entire, toothed or lobed segments; flowers solitary in the upper axils, as long as the subtending leaves or shorter, short-peduncled ; calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes narrowly lanceolate, nearly equal; corolla pale blue or lilac, about 9" long, its lower lobes much longer than the calyx. Plains, Kansas and Colorado to Texas and Ari- zona. May-Aug. LABIATAE. VOL. III. 6. Teucrium botrys L. Cut-leaved Annual Ger- mander. Fig. 3571. Teucrium botrys L. Sp. PI. 562. 1753. Annual, villous-pubescent, branched, i high or less. Leaves slender-petioled, deeply pinnatifid into oblong, entire or toothed lobes, the basal ones with petioles longer than the blades ; flowers whorled in the upper axils; pedicels shorter than the calyx; calyx campanu- late, gibbous, about 8" long in fruit, veiny, its teeth triangular-ovate, acute, nearly equal; corolla purplish, about 6" long. Waste grounds, Massachusetts and Ohio, from Europe. July-Sept. Naturalized 3. ISANTHUS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 3. pi. 30. 1803. An annual erect finely viscid-pubescent much-branched herb, with narrow entire or few-toothed leaves, and small blue flowers in loose axillary cymes. Calyx broadly campanulate, lo-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, the teeth lanceolate. Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, enlarged into the throat, the limb nearly equally S-cleft into obovate somewhat spreading lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous, incurved-ascending, not longer than the corolla, the anterior pair slightly the longer; anther-sacs divergent at maturity. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style minutely 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets rugose- reticulated. [Greek, equal-flower, the corolla-lobes being nearly equal.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. i. Isanthus brachiatus (L.) B.S.P. False Pennyroyal. Fig. 3572. Trichostema brachiatum L. Sp. PI. 598. 1753. !santhus coeruleus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 4. pi. 30. 1803. /. brachiatus B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 44. 1888. Stem slender, much branched, 6'-2o' tall, the branches spreading. Leaves oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, acute at each end, entire, or with a few sharp teeth, 3-nerved, short- petioled, i'-2' long, 2"-6" wide; axillary cymes i-3-flowered; pedicels very slender, some of them as long as the fruiting calyx ; calyx-lobes acute or acuminate, longer than or equalling the tube; corolla 2"~3" long, the fruiting calyx 3" long. In sandy soil, especially along streams, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, Vermont, Georgia, Kansas and Texas. Flux-weed. Blue gentian. July-Sept. 4. TRICHOSTEMA [Gronov.] L. Sp. PI. 598. 1753- Annual or perennial erect branching herbs, some western species shrubby, with lanceolate oblong or linear entire or slightly repand leaves. Flowers small, or middle-sized, pink, blue, purple, or white, paniculate, or in axillary loose or dense cymes. Calyx campanulate, very unequally 5-lobed in our species, the lobes ovate or lanceolate, the 3 upper much longer than the 2 lower. Corolla-tube slender, exserted or included, the limb somewhat oblique and deeply 5-cleft into oblong more or less declined segments. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascend- ing, curved, the anterior pair the longer, the filaments filiform, spirally coiled in the bud, long-exserted ; anther-sacs divaricate, more or less confluent at the base. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets obovoid, reticulated. [Greek, hair-stamen, referring to the slender filaments.] About 10 species, natives of North America. Type species: Trichostema dichotomum L. Leaves oblong or lanceolate; plant minutely viscid-pubescent. i. T. dichotomum. Leaves linear; plant puberulent or glabrous. 2. T. lineare. GENUS 4. MINT FAMILY. 105 i. Trichostema dichotomum L. Trichostema dichotomum L. Sp. PI. 598. 1753. Annual, minutely viscid-pubescent ; stem slen- der, rather stiff, much branched, 6'-2 high, the branches spreading or ascending. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, membranous, obtuse or sub- acute at 'the apex, narrowed at the base into short petioles, i'-3' long, 3"-io" wide, the upper grad- ually smaller; flowers paniculate, 6' -9" long, borne 1-3 together on 2-bracteolate peduncles; calyx oblique, very unequally 5-lobed, the 3 upper lobes much longer and more united than the 2 lower ones; corolla blue, pink or rarely nearly white, the limb longer than the tube; stamens blue or violet. In dry fields, Maine to Florida, Vermont, Pennsyl- vania, Missouri and Texas. The lateral flowers be- come inverted by torsion of the pedicels. July-Oct. Blue Curls. Bastard Pennyroyal. Fig. 3573. 2. Trichostema lineare Nutt. Narrow-leaved Blue Curls. Fig. 3574. T. brachiatum Lam. Encycl. 8: 84. 1808. Not L. 1753. Trichostema lineare Nutt. Gen. 2 : 39. 1818. Puberulent or glabrous, not viscid or scarcely so; stem very slender, at length widely branched, o'-Io high, the branches ascending. Leaves linear, obtuse or subacute, sessile or very short-petioled, \'-2 long, i"-2" wide, sometimes with smaller ones or short leafy branches in their axils ; flowers very similar to those of the preceding species, sometimes larger. In sandy fields and dry pine barrens, Connecticut to Georgia and Louisiana, mostly near the coast. July-Aug. 5. SCUTELLARIA [Rivin.] L. Sp. PI. 598. 1753. Annual or perennial bitter herbs, some species shrubby. Flowers blue to violet, in terminal or axillary bracted mostly secund spike-like racemes, or solitary or 2-3 together in the axils. Calyx campanulate, gibbous, 2-lipped, the lips entire, the upper one with a crest or protuberance upon its back and often deciduous in fruit, the lower one persistent. Corolla much exserted, recurved-ascending, dilated above into the throat, glabrous within, the limb 2-lipped ; upper lip arched, entire or emarginate ; lower lip spreading or deflexed, its lateral lobes small and somewhat connected with the upper, its middle lobe broad, sometimes emar- ginate, the margins mostly recurved. Stamens 4, didynamous, all anther-bearing, ascending under the upper lip, the upper pair somewhat the shorter, their anthers 2-celled, ciliate; anthers of the lower pair of stamens i-celled, also ciliate. Style unequally 2-cleft at the apex ; ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets subglobose or depressed, papillose or tuberculate, borne on a short or elongated gynobase. [Latin, a dish, from the appendage to the fruiting calyx.] About 100 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America, all known as Skullcap, or Helmet- flower. Type species : Scutellaria peregrlna L. * Nutlets wingless, very slightly elevated on the short gynobase. Flowers 3"-s" long, in axillary and sometimes terminal secund racemes. i. S. lateri flora. Flowers 6"-is" long, in terminal often panicled racemes. Plant glabrous or very nearly so ; leaves broad. 2. 5". serrata. Plants pubescent, puberulent or pilose. Leaves all except the floral crenate or dentate, broad. Canescent, not glandular ; corolla canescent. 3. S. incana. Densely glandular-pubescent ; corolla puberulent. 4. 5". cordifolia. Pubescent below, glandular above ; corolla nearly glabrous. 5. 5". pilosa. Leaves all except the lowest entire, narrow. 6. 5". integrifolia. Flowers solitary in the axils or sometimes also in terminal bracted racemes. Perennial from a thick woody root. 7. 5". resinosa. Fibrous-rooted ; perennial by rootstocks or stolons. Flowers 2"-$" long. 8. S. parvula. Flowers 8"-i3" long. io6 LABIATAE. VOL. III. Minutely and densely glandular-pubescent, resiniferous. 9. S. Brittonii. Densely cinerous-pubescent, pale. 10. S.Bushii. Glabrous or merely slightly puberulent. Leaves ovate, slender-petioled, cordate, obtuse. n. S.saxatilis. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, acute. 12. S. galericulata. ** Nutlets membranous-winged, elevated on the slender gynobase; flowers axillary. 13. S. nervosa. i. Scutellaria lateriflora L. Mad-dog or Blue Skullcap. Fig. 3575. Scutellaria lateriflora L. Sp. PI. 598. 1753. Perennial by slender stolons, glabrous throughout or puberulent above; stem slender, leafy, erect or ascending, commonly branched, 4'-2i high. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, thin, slender- petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, coarsely dentate-serrate, obtuse, rounded or subcordate at the base, i '-3' long, the upper gradually smaller, the uppermost sometimes entire; racemes narrow, se- cund, axillary or often also terminal and leafy- bracted, several-many-flowered ; flowers 3"-S" long ; calyx short; corolla blue, varying to nearly white, its lips about equal, one-fifth as long as the tube; nutlets borne on a very short gynobase. In wet places, Newfoundland to Ontario and British Columbia, Florida, Mississippi, New Mexico and Ore- gon. July-Sept. Blue pimpernel. Side-flowering scull- cap. Madweed. Hoodwort. 2. Scutellaria serrata Andr. Showy Skull- cap. Fig. 3576. Scutellaria serrata Andr. Bot. Rep. pi. 494. 1809. S. laevigata Aiken; Eaton, Man. Ed. 6, 333. 1833. Perennial, glabrous, or puberulent above; stem slender, erect, simple or branched, i-2 high. Leaves ovate or elliptic, slender-petioled, acute at the apex, narrowed, or the lowest rounded or subcordate at the base, crenate or dentate, 2'-4' long, the upper- most reduced to small floral bracts ; racemes almost always simple and terminal, loosely flowered, the flowers opposite ; fruiting calyx about 3" long ; co- rolla i' long, blue, minutely puberulent, its tube nar- row, gradually expanded above into the throat, its rather narrow upper lip a little shorter than the lower; nutlets borne on a short gynobase. In woods, southern New York and Pennsylvania to South Carolina, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee. One of the handsomest of the American species. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May-June. 3. Scutellaria incana Muhl. Downy Skull- cap. Fig. 3577. Scutellaria incana Muhl. Cat. 56. 1813. Scutellaria canescens Nutt. Gen. 2: 38. 1818. 5". serrata Spreng. Syst. 2: 703. 1825. Not Andr. 1809. Perennial, finely and densely whitish downy, or the upper surfaces of the leaves glabrous; stem rather strict, erect, usually much branched above, 2-4 high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, rather firm, slender-petioled, acute at the apex, crenate- dentate, narrowed, rounded or the lower subcordate at the base, 3'-4i' long; racemes terminal, usually numerous and panicled, several-many-flowered; fruiting calyx ii'-2' long; corolla g"-io" long, ca- nescent; upper lip of the corolla slightly longer than the lower; gynobase very short. In moist woods and thickets, Ontario to Michigan, Kansas, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. June-Aug. GENUS 5. MINT FAMILY. 4. Scutellaria cordifolia Muhl. Heart-leaved Skullcap. Fig. 3578. Scutellaria cordifolia Muhl. Cat. 56. 1813. Scutellaria versicolor Nutt. Gen. 2: 38. 1818. Perennial, densely glandular-pubescent ; stem erect, usually stout, i-3 high, often simple. Leaves prominently veined, slender-petioled, broadly ovate, crenate-dentate all around, 2'-4' long, all but the uppermost cordate at the base; racemes terminal, narrow, solitary or panicled; bracts ovate, mostly entire, commonly longer than the pedicels; fruiting calyx nearly 3" long; corolla puberulent, io"-l2" long, blue with the lower side lighter or white, its tube narrow, its throat moderately dilated, its lat- eral lobes about as long as the upper lip; gynobase short. In woods and thickets, especially along streams, Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Minnesota, Kansas, Arkansas and Texas. Includes several races. June- Aug. 5. Scutellaria pilosa Michx. Hairy Skullcap. Fig. 3579. Scutellaria pilosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:11. 1803. Scutellaria ovalifolia Pers. Syn. 2: 136. 1807. 5". hirsuta Short, Transyl. Journ. Med. 8: 582. 1836. Scutellaria pilosa hirsuta A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part i, 379- 1878. Perennial, stem slender, simple or branched, hairy or downy below, sometimes hirsute, glan- dular-pubescent above, i-3 high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, petioled, obtuse, or the upper subacute at the apex, crenate, i'-3' long, nar- rowed or rounded at the base or the lower sub- cordate; racemes terminal, solitary or panicled, sometimes also in the upper axils; bracts oblong or spatulate, entire, longer than the pedicels; fruiting calyx about 3" long; corolla blue, 6"-8" long, minutely puberulent or glabrous, its lower lip and lateral lobes somewhat shorter than the arched upper one; gynobase short. In dry sandy woods and thickets, southern New York and Pennsylvania to Michigan, Missouri, Florida and Texas. Races differ in size and in pubes- cence. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. May- July. 6. Scutellaria integrifolia L. Larger or Hyssop Skullcap. Fig. 3580. Scutellaria integrifolia L. Sp. PI. 599. 1753. Scutellaria hyssopifolia L. Sp. PI. 599. 1753. Perennial, hoary with a minute down; stem slender, erect, rather strict, simple or branched, 6'-22 high. Leaves thin, linear to oblong, peti- oled, or the upper sessile, obtuse at the apex, entire, i'-2' long, 2" -6" wide, or the lower ovate, lanceolate or nearly orbicular, obtuse and some- times subcordate at the base, often crenate-den- tate or incised ; racemes solitary or several, term- inal; bracts linear-oblong, subacute, longer than the pedicels; fruiting calyx 2"-3" long; corolla blue, or whitish underneath, io"-i5" long, its large lips nearly equal; gynobase short In fields, woods and thickets, Massachusetts to West Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, Florida, Louisi- ana and Texas. Consists of several races. May- Aug. Large-flowered scullcap. loS LABIATAE. VOL. III. Scutellaria Drummondii Benth., a low annual villous species with flowers solitary in the axils, admitted into our first edition as recorded from Kansas, is not definitely known north of Texas. 7. Scutellaria resinosa Torr. Resinous Skullcap. Fig. 3581. .S". resinosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2 : 232. 1827. 5". Wrightii A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 370. 1872. Perennial from a thick woody root, minutely canescent or puberulent and usually resiniferous; stems rather slender, rigid, tufted, leafy, ascend- ing, 6'-io' high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, sessile, or the lower short-petioled, entire, obtuse at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, 3" -6" long ; flowers solitary in the axils ; fruiting calyx nearly 3" long; corolla violet or nearly white, very pubescent, 6"-8" long, its tube narrow and lips nearly equal ; gynobase short. On dry plains, Nebraska and Kansas to Texas and Arizona. May-Aug. 8. Scutellaria parvula Michx. Small Skull- cap. Fig. 3582. S. parvula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: n. 1803. Scutellaria ambigua Nutt. Gen. 2: 37. 1818. 5". parvula var. mollis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 1 : ^80. 1878. 5". campcstris Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 283. 1894. Glabrous, or quite densely pubescent, sometimes slightly glandular, perennial by slender tuberous- thickened rootstocks; stems erect or ascending, very slender, usually branched, 3' -12' tall. Leaves ovate, oval or lanceolate, or the lower nearly orbicular, entire and sessile, or the lower dentate and petioled, 3"-i2" long; flowers solitary in the axils ; fruiting calyx about 2" long ; corolla 2" 4" long, violet, pubescent ; gynobase short. In sandy soil, Quebec to Ontario, South Dakota, Florida, Nebraska and Texas. Races differ in pu- bescence and in leaf-form. April-July. Little scull- cap. 9. Scutellaria Brittonii Porter. Britton's Skullcap. Fig. 3583. Scutellaria resinosa A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 381. 1878. Not Torr. 1827. Scutellaria Brittonii Porter, Bull. Torr. Club 21: 177. 1894. Perennial by tuberous-thickened rootstocks, vis- cidly glandular, pubescent or puberulent, branched from the base ; stems erect, 4'-8' high, leafy. Leaves oblong or oval, sessile and entire or the lowest short-petioled and slightly crenulate, ob- tuse at the apex, rather prominently veined on the lower surface, 6"-i 2" long, the upper scarcely smaller; flowers solitary in the axils; pedicels mostly shorter than the calyx ; corolla pubescent, blue, io"-i5" long, the tube narrow below, en- larged above into the throat ; gynobase short. Nebraska (according to Coulter) ; Colorado and Wyoming. June July. GENUS 5. MINT FAMILY. 10. Scutellaria Bushii Britton. Bush's Skullcap. Fig. 3584. Scutellaria Bushii Britton, Manual, 785. 1901. Roots thick-fibrous ; stems several or numerous, tufted, erect or nearly so, finely cinereous-pubescent, 6'-i2' high. Leaves oblanceolate to oblong-oblanceo- late, obtuse, entire, sessile, f'-ii' long, 2"-^" wide, the veins rather prominent; flowers solitary in the axils, short-peduncled, about i' long; corolla short-pubescent. Barrens, southern Missouri. May-June. ii. Scutellaria saxatilis Riddell. Rock Skullcap. Fig. 3585. S. saxatilis Riddell, Suppl. Cat. PI. Ohio, 14. 1836. Perennial by filiform runners or stolons, glabrate or sparingly puberulent; stem slen- der, weak, ascending or reclining, simple or branched, 6'-2o' long. Leaves ovate, slender- petioled, thin, coarsely crenate, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base, i'-2' long, or the lower nearly orbicular, and the upper lanceo- late, subacute and entire; flowers solitary in the upper axils, or clustered in a terminal leafy-bracted loose raceme; bracts longer than the pedicels ; fruiting calyx about 2" long ; co- rolla light blue, very nearly glabrous, 8"-io" long; gynobase short. On moist banks and in thickets, Delaware to South Carolina, Ohio and Tennessee. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May~July. 12. Scutellaria galericulata L. Hooded Willow-herb. Marsh or European Skullcap. Fig. 3586. Scutellaria galericulata L. Sp. PI. 599. 1753. Perennial by filiform stolons, not tuber-bear- ing, puberulent or pubescent ; stem erect, usually branched, i-3 high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, thin, short-petioled, or the upper sessile, acute at the apex, dentate with low teeth or the upper entire, subcordate or rounded at the base, i'-2i' long, the uppermost usually much smaller and bract-like; flowers solitary in the axils ; peduncles shorter than the calyx ; corolla blue, puberulent, nearly or quite l' long, with a slender tube and slightly enlarged throat; gyno- base short. In swamps and along streams, Newfoundland to Mackenzie, Alaska, New Jersey, the mountains of North Carolina, Ohio, Nebraska, Arizona and Wash- ington Also in Europe and Asia. June-Sept. Scutellaria Churchilliana Fernald, of Maine and New Brunswick, has smaller flowers, solitary in the axiis, its leaves much like those of S. laterifiora, and is, perhaps, a hybrid. no LABIATAE. VOL. III. 13. Scutellaria nervosa Pursh. Veined Skullcap. Fig. 3587. .S". nervosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 412. 1814. Scutellaria teucriifolia J. E. Smith in Rees' Cycl. 32 : no. 15. 1816. Perennial by filiform stolons; stem glabrous or sparingly pubescent, erect, slender, simple or sometimes branched, 6'-2 high. Leaves thin; glabrous, or sometimes decidedly pubes- cent, the lower slender-petioled, nearly orbicu- lar, crenate, often subcordate at the base, the middle ones larger, ovate, i'-2' long, sessile or nearly so, obtuse or acute, coarsely dentate or crenate, the upper lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- late, acute, commonly entire; flowers solitary in the axils; fruiting calyx about 2" long; corolla blue, 4"-s" long, puberulent, the lower lip longer than the concave upper one ; nutlets membranous-winged, borne on a slender gyno- base. In moist woods and thickets, southern Ontario, New York and New Jersey to Illinois and Mis- souri, North Carolina and Tennessee. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May-Aug. 6. MARRUBIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 582. 1753. Perennial branching mostly woolly herbs, with petioled dentate rugose leaves, and small white or purplish flowers in dense axillary clusters, the juice bitter. Calyx tubular, 5-10- nerved, regularly 5-io-toothed, the teeth nearly equal, or the alternate ones shorter, acute or aristate, spreading or recurved in fruit. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, entire or emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its broader middle lobe commonly emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, included', the posterior pair the shorter ; anthers 2-celled. Style 2-cleft at the summit, the lobes short. Ovary deeply 4-lobed. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Name Middle Latin, perhaps from the Hebrew, referring to its bitter qualities.] About 40 species, natives of the Old World, the following typical. i. Marrubium vulgare L. White or Common Hoarhound. Fig. 3588. Marrubium vulgare L. Sp. PI. 583. 1753. Stem erect, stout, woolly, especially below, i-3 high, the branches ascending. Leaves oval, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, rugose- veined, obtuse at the apex, crenate-dentate, rounded, narrowed or subcordate at the base, i '-2' long, rough, whitish above, woolly be- neath ; petioles i'-i' long, usually exceeding the flowers ; clusters all axillary, densely many- flowered ; flowers whitish; calyx-teeth usually 10, subulate, more or less recurved, glabrous above, woolly below. In waste places, Maine and Ontario to Minne- sota and British Columbia, North Carolina, Ala- bama, Texas, Mexico and California. Also in South America. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Old names, houndbene, marrube, marvel. 7. SIDERITIS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 574. 1753. Annual or perennial, usually pubescent herbs or shrubs, with opposite, entire or toothed leaves, and small white, pink, or yellowish flowers in axillary clusters which are separated or contiguous. Calyx tubular, 5-io-nerved, slightly 2-lipped, the teeth spine-tipped, the upper middle one broader than the others. Corolla-limb exceeding the calyx, 2-lipped ; upper lip entire or lobed ; lower lip longer than the upper, with a broad middle lobe. Stamens 4, GENUS 7. MINT FAMILY. ill didynamous, included, the anterior pair the longer; anthers 2-celled, or those of the anterior pair more or less imperfect, the sacs divaricate. Style 2-cleft at the summit, lobes obtuse. Ovary 4-lobed. Nutlets obovoid, smooth. [Greek, iron, referring to its nedicinal use.] About 45 species, native of the Old World, most numerous in the Orient. Type species: Sideritis hirsuta L. i. Sideritis romana L. Simple-beaked Iron-wort. Fig. 3589. Sideritis romana L. Sp. PI. 575. 1753. Annual, softly pubescent with spreading hairs, the stem erect, 4'-! tall, usually branched. Leaves obovate to oblong, J'-ii' long, crenate, sessile cr nearly so, ultimately somewhat veiny; clusters few-flowered; flowers white or pinkish; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube, 'the middle one of the upper lip ovate, all subulate-tipped; corolla slightly exceeding the calyx, the middle lobe of the lower lip reniform. In fields, southeastern Pennsylvania. Naturalized from the Mediterranean region. Also in Bermuda. June-Aug. 8. AGASTACHE Clayt. ; Gron. Fl. Virg. [VLECKIA Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5 : 308. 1808.] 1762. [LOPHANTHUS Benth. Bot. Reg. 15: under pi. 1282. 1829. Not Adans. 1763.] Tall erect perennial herbs, with serrate, mainly ovate, petioled leaves, and yellowish purplish or blue flowers, verticillate-clustered in thick dense or interrupted bracted terminal spikes. Calyx narrowly campanulate, somewhat oblique, slightly 2-lipped, 5-toothed, the teeth of the upper lip somewhat larger than those of the lower, or all about equal. Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the tube as long as the calyx ; upper lip erect, 2-lobed ; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, its middle lobe broader than the lateralones and crenulate. Stamens 4, all anther- bearing, didynamous, the upper pair the longer; anthers 2-eelled, their sacs nearly parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, many spikes.] 'About 8 species, natives of North America. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the western United States. Type species : Hyssopus nepetoides L. Glabrous or very nearly so, stout ; corolla greenish-yellow. i. A. nepetoides. Pubescent, stout ; corolla purplish ; leaves green both sides. 2. A. scrophulariaefolia. Glabrous or slightly pubescent, slender ; corolla blue; leaves palo beneath. 3. A. anethiodora. i. Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze. Catnep Giant-Hyssop. Fig. 3590. Hyssopus nepetoides L. Sp. PI. 569. 1753. Lophanthus nepetoides Benth. Bot. Reg. under pi. 1282. 1829. Vleckia nepetoides Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 89. 1836. 'A. nepetoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 511. 1891. Glabrous, or slightly puberulent; stem stout, 2-5 high, branched, at least above, sharply 4-angled. Leaves ovate or ovate- oblong, acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded, cordate or the upper narrowed at the base, mostly thin, coarsely dentate, 2'-6' long; spikes 3'-r8' long, usually very dense; petioles of the lowest leaves often 2' long; bracts ovate, acute or acuminate ; calyx- teeth oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse or sub- acute, sometimes purplish ; corolla greenish yellow, about 4" long, scarcely exceeding the calyx. In woods and thickets, Quebec and Vermont to South Dakota, south to Georgia, Tennessee, Kansas and Arkansas. July-Sept. 112 LABIATAE. VOL. III. 2. Agastache scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Kuntze. Figwort Giant-Hyssop. Fig. 3591. Hyssopus scrophulariaefolius Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 48. 1801. Lophanthus scrophulariaefolius Benth. Bot. Reg. under pi. 1282. 1829. Vleckia scrophulariaefolia Raf. Fl. Tell. 3 : 89. 1836. Agastache scrophulariaefolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 511. 1891. Similar to the preceding species, but com- monly taller, strong-scented, the obtusely 4-angled stem, the petioles and lower sur- faces of the leaves more or less pubescent, sometimes villous. Leaves nearly identical with those of V. nepetoides in size and outline; spike sometimes interrupted, 3'-i8' long ; bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acumi- nate; calyx-teeth lanceolate or ovate-lan- ceolate, very acute or sometimes acuminate, whitish or purplish; corolla purplish, 5 "-6" long, considerably exceeding the calyx. In woods and thickets, New Hampshire to Ontario, Wisconsin, North Carolina, Ken- tucky and Missouri. July-Oct. 3. Agastache anethiodora (Nutt.) Britton. Fragrant Giant-Hyssop. Fig. 3592. Hyssopus anethiodorus Nutt. Fras. Cat. 1813. Hyssopus anisatus Nutt. Gen. 2: 27. 1818. Lopanthus anisatus Benth. Bot. Reg. under pi. 1282, 1829. Vleckia anisata Raf. Fl. Tell. 3 : 89. 1836. Vleckia anethiodora Greene, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 282. 1894. A. anethiodora Britton in Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 : 85. Glabrous, or minutely puberulent; stem rather slender, leafy, usually branched, 2- 4 high. Leaves ovate or triangular-ovate, firm, mostly short-petioled, acute or acumi- nate at the apex, truncate, obtuse or some- times subcordate at the base, sharply ser- rate, green above, pale and minutely canes- cent beneath, 2'-3' long, anise-scented ; ' spikes dense or interrupted, seldom 6' long ; bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate ; calyx-teeth ovate to lanceolate, acute, pur- ple; corolla blue, 4"-5" long, somewhat exceeding the calyx. On prairies and plains, Minnesota to Mani- toba, Alberta, Illinois, Nebraska and Colorado. July-Sept. Anise-hyssop. 9. MEEH ANI A Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 32. 1894. A low pubescent spreading or decumbent herb, with long-petioled cordate leaves, trailing leafy stolons, and large blue flowers in terminal secund bracted spikes. Calyx campanulate, 15-nerved, slightly 2-lipped, its teeth all lanceolate, acute, the 3 upper longer than the 2 lower. Corolla much exserted, puberulent without, pubescent within, the tube narrow at the base, gradually widely ampliate into the throat, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 2-lobed, arched, the lobes ovate, obtuse ; lower lip about equalling the upper, spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe emarginate, broader than the lateral ones. Stamens 4, didynamous, all anther-bearing, included, ascending under the upper lip, the upper pair longer than the lower; anthers 2-celled, the sacs nearly parallel. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style equally 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets oblong, smooth. [Named for Thomas Meehan, of Philadelphia, 1826-1901, botanist and horticulturist.] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. GENUS 9. MINT FAMILY. i. Meehania cordata (Nutt.) Britton. Meehania. Fig. 3593. Dracocephalum cordatum Nutt. Gen. 2: 35. 1818. Cedronella cordata Benth. Lab. 502. 1834. Meehania cordata Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 21 : 33. pi. 173. 1894. Flowering stems ascending, 3'-8' high; stolons very slender, leafy throughout, sometimes 2 long. Leaves all broadly ovate or ovate-orbicu- lar, thin, obtuse or subacute at the apex, crenate all around, cordate at the base, sparingly pubes- cent with scattered hairs on both surfaces, or nearly glabrous beneath, green on both sides, i '-2' long, the basal sinus broad; spikes i'-4' long ; bracts ovate or oblong, acute, membranous, the lower sometimes crenulate and surpassing the calyx ; bractlets small, lanceolate ; calyx about 5" long, puberulent, its longer teeth about one- half the length of the tube; corolla i'-ii' long, showy. In rich moist woods and thickets, southwestern Pennsylvania to Illinois, Tennessee and North Carolina. May-July. 10. NEPETA [Rivin.] L. Sp. PI. 570. 1753. Herbs, with dentate or incised leaves, and mostly white or blue rather small flowers in verticillate clusters, usually crowded in terminal spikes, or axillary and cymose. Calyx tubu- lar, somewhat oblique at the mouth, 15-nerved, usually incurved, 5-toothed, scarcely 2-lipped, but the upper teeth usually longer than the lower. Corolla-tube enlarged above, the limb strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, emarginate or 2-lobed ; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger than the lateral ones. Stamens 4, all anther bearing, didynamous, ascend- ing under the upper lip, the lower pair the shorter; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style 2-clef t at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, compressed, smooth. [Ancient Latin name of catnep.] 'About 150 species, natives of Europe and Asia, the following typical. i. Nepeta Cataria L. Catmint. Catnep. Nep. Fig. 3594. Nepeta Cataria L. Sp. PI. 570. 1753. Perennial, densely canescent, pale green ; stem rather stout, erect, branched, 2-3 high, the branches straight, ascending. Leaves ovate to oblong, petioled, acute at the apex, coarsely cre- nate-dentate, mostly cordate at the base, i'-3' long, greener above than beneath ; flower-clusters spiked at the ends of the stem and branches, the spikes i '-5' long; bracts small, foliaceous; bract- lets subulate ; calyx puberulent, its teeth subu- late, the upper about one-half the length of the tube; corolla nearly white, or pale purple, dark- dotted, puberulent without, 5"-6" long, its lobe a little longer than the calyx, the broad middle lobe of its lower lip crenulate. In waste places, New Brunswick and Quebec to South Dakota, Oregon, South Carolina, Kansas and Utah ; also in Cuba. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. July-Nov. ii. GLECOMA L. Sp. PI. 578. 1753. Low diffuse creeping herbs, with long-petioled nearly orbicular or reniform crenate leaves, and rather large blue or violet flowers in small axillary verticillate clusters. Calyx oblong-tubular, 15-nerved, oblique at the throat, not 2-lipped, unequally 5-toothed. Corolla- tube exserted, enlarged above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, 2-lobed or emarginate; the lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad, emarginate. the side lobes small. Stamens 4, didynamous, all anther-bearing, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, not exserted, the upper pair the longer; anther-sacs divergent. Ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek name for thyme or pennyroyal.] About 6 species of Europe and Asia, the following typical. 8 LABIATAE. VOL. III. i. Glecoma hederacea L. Ground Ivy. Gill-over-the-Ground. Field Balm. Fig. 3595. Glecoma hederacea L. Sp. PI. $78. 1753. N. Glechoma Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 485. 1834- N. hederacea B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 43. 1888. Perennial, pubescent, the creeping stems leafy, sometimes 18' long, the branches ascending. Lower petioles commonly longer than the leaves; leaves green both sides, \'-\\' in diameter; clusters few-flowered, the flowers j"-io" long, short-pedicelled ; bractlets subulate, shorter than the calyx ; calyx puberulent, its teeth acute or lanceolate-acuminate, about one-third as long as the tube; corolla-tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx; upper pair of stamens much longer than the lower. In waste places, woods and thickets, New- foundland to Ontario, Minnesota, Oregon, Georgia, Tennessee, Kansas and Colorado. Old names, alehoof, cat's-foot, gill, gill-ale, gill-go-by-the-ground, hayhofe, haymaids, hove, tunhoof, creeping charlie, robin-run- away, gill-run-over, crow-vituals, wild snake-root, hedge-maids. March-May. 12. MOLDAVICA [Tourn.] Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 190. 1763. Herbs, with dentate entire or incised leaves, and blue or purple flowers in axillary and terminal bracted clusters, the bracts pectinate in our species. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, straight or incurved, 5-toothed, the upper tooth much larger than the others, or 2-lipped with the 3 upper teeth more or less united. Corolla expanded above, its limb 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger than the lateral ones, sometimes 2-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip, the upper pair longer than the lower; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate; style 2-cleft at the summit; ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [From Moldavia.] About 35 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Only the following are known in North America. Type species : Dracocephalum Molddvica L. Corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx; clusters mostly axillary. i. M. parviflora. Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx ; clusters mostly terminal, dense. 2. M . Moldavica. i. Moldavica parviflora (Nutt.) Brit- ton. American Dragon-head. Fig. 3596. Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. Gen. 2 : 35. 1818. Annual or biennial, somewhat pubescent, or glabrous; stem rather stout, usually branched, 6'-2j high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate, or oblong, slender-petioled, serrate, or the lower incised, acute or obtuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, thin, i '-3' long ; clusters dense, many-flow- ered, crowded in dense terminal spikes, and sometimes also in the upper axils ; bracts ovate to oblong, pectinate with awn- pointed teeth, shorter than or equalling the calyx; pedicels \"-z" long; upper tooth of the calyx ovate-oblong, longer than the narrower lower and lateral ones, all acumi- nate; corolla light blue, scarcely longer than the calyx. In dry gravelly or rocky soil, Quebec and Ontario to Alaska, New York, Iowa, Missouri and Arizona. May-Aug. GENUS 12. MINT FAMILY. 2. Moldavica Moldavica (L.) Britton. Moldavian Dragon- head or Balm. Fig. 3597. Dracocephalum Moldavica L. Sp. PI. 595. I753- Annual, puberulent ; stem erect, usu- illy widely branched, i-2i high. Leaves ablong or linear-oblong, dentate or some- what incised, obtuse at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, i'-2' long, 2"-6" wide; clusters loose, few-flowered, com- monly numerous, mostly axillary ; bracts narrowly oblong, usually shorter than the calyx, deeply pectinate with aristate teeth ; pedicels 2"-$" long ; calyx slightly curved, the 2 lower teeth somewhat shorter than the 3 broader equal upper ones; corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx. In a canon near Spring View, Nebr. Also in northern Mexico. Introduced from central Europe. June-Aug. 13. PRUNELLA L. Sp. PI. 600. 1753. Perennial simple or sometimes branched herbs, with petioled leaves, and rather small clustered purple or white flowers, in terminal and sometimes also axillary, dense bracted spikes or heads. Calyx oblong, reticulate-veined, about lo-nerved, deeply 2-lipped, closed in fruit; upper lip nearly truncate, or with 3 short teeth; lower lip 2-cleft, its teeth lanceolate. Corolla-tube inflated, slightly narrowed at the mouth, its limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip entire, arched; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the lower pair the longer; filaments of the longer stamens 2-toothed at the summit, one of the teeth bearing the anther, the other sterile; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent or divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Origin of name doubtful; often spelled Brunella, the pre-Linnaean form.] About 5 species, of wide geographic distribution. Only the following typical one occurs in North America. i. Prunella vulgaris L. Self-heal. Heal-all. Dragon-head. Fig. 3598. Prunella vulgaris L. Sp. PI. 600. 1753. Pubescent or nearly glabrous; stem slen- der, procumbent or ascending or erect, usually simple, but sometimes considerably branched, 2' -2 high. Leaves ovate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, entire, crenate, dentate, or incised, i'-4' long, the lowest commonly shorter and sometimes subcordate ; spikes terminal, ses- sile or short-peduncled, very dense, i'-i' long in flower, becoming 2'-4' long in fruit; bracts broadly ovate-orbicular, cus- pidate, more or less ciliate; corolla violet, purple, or sometimes white, 4"-6" long, about twice as long as the purplish or green calyx; calyx-teeth oftn ciliate. In fields, woods and waste places throughout nearly the whole of North America. Native and naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Thimble-flower. All-heal. Brown-wort. Carpenter's-herb or -weed. Hook-heal or -weed. Heart-of-the-earth. Sicklewort. Blue- curls. May-Oct. Prunella laciniata L., differing by pin- natifid or deeply incised leaves, found near Washington, D. C., and illustrated in our first edition, is a race of this species. Ii6 LABIATAE. VOL. III. 14. DRACOCEPHALUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 594. 1753. [PHYSOSTEGIA Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 504. 1834.] Erect perennial glabrous or puberulent herbs, with serrate, dentate or entire leaves, and large or middle-sized, bracted purple violet, pink or white flowers in terminal spikes, or spike-like racemes. Calyx campanulate or oblong, membranous, swollen and remaining open in fruit, faintly reticulate-veined and 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Corolla much longer than the calyx, its tube gradually much enlarged upward, its limb strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip concave, rounded, nearly or quite entire; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe com- monly emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the lower pair the longer; filaments pubescent; anthers all alike, 2-celled, the sacs nearly parallel, the margins of their valves commonly spinulose or denticulate. Ovary 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid-triquetrous, smooth. [Greek, dragon-head.] About 7 species, natives of North America, known as False Dragon-head or Lion's-heart. species : Dracocephalum virginianum L. Type Flowers 9" long, or more ; leaves firm. Spike dense, many-flowered. Spike loose, few-flowered ; leaf-serrations mostly blunt. Flowers 5" 7" long ; leaves thin. Spike loose; 4'-8' long; leaves few and distant. Spike dense, :'-4' long; stem leafy. 1. D. virginianum. 2. D. denticulatum. 3. D. intermedium. 4. D. Nuttallii. i. Dracocephalum virginianum L. Dragon-head. Obedient Plant. Lion's Heart. Fig. 3599. Dracocephalum virginianum L. Sp. PI. 594. 1753. Dracocephalum speciosum Sweet, Brit. Fl. Card. pi. 93. 1825. Physostegia virginiana Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 504. 1834. Stem erect or ascending, rather stout, sim- ple or branched above, i-4 tall. Leaves firm, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or linear- lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate or serrulate, narrowed at the base, the upper all sessile, 2'-s' long, 2" -7" wide, the lowest petioled; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the calyx; spikes dense, becoming 4'-8' long in fruit, many-flowered ; flowering calyx campanulate or somewhat turbinate, its teeth ovate, acute, about one-half as long as the tube; fruiting calyx oblong, 4"-5" long, the teeth much shorter than the tube; corolla pale purple or rose, about i' long, often var- iegated with white, temporarily remaining in whatever position it is placed. In moist soil, Quebec to Ontario, Minnesota, Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana and Texas ; escaped from gardens eastward. Races differ in width and serration of leaves and in size of flowers. July-Sept. Physostegia Digitalis Small, with broadly oblong to elliptic repand or undulate leaves, of the Southern States, perhaps extends northward into Missouri. GENUS 14. MINT FAMILY. 2. Dracocephalum denticulatum Ait. Few- flowered Lion's Heart. Fig. 3600. Prasium purpureum Walt. Fl. Car. 166. 1788? Drac. denticulatum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 317. 1789. P. virginiana var. denticulata A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 1 : 383. 1878. P. denticulata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 284. 1894. Stem slender, ascending or erect, simple, or little branched, i-2 high. Leaves firm or rather thin, oblong, linear-oblong, or oblanceolate, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, crenulate, obtusely dentate, or entire, i'-3' long, 2"-6" wide, the upper sessile, the lower slender-petioled; spike loosely few-several-flowered; bracts lanceolate, little longer than the fruiting pedicels; flowering calyx oval-campanulate, its teeth acute, about one-third as long as the tube; fruiting calyx oblong, 3"~4" long; corolla rose-pink, nearly or quite i' long. In moist soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Florida and Texas. June-Aug. 3. Dracocephalum intermedium Xutt. Slender Lion's Heart. Fig. 3601. Dracocephalum intermedium Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 187. 1833-37- Physostegia intermedia A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 : 371- 1872. Stem very slender, usually quite simple, i-3 high. Leaves usually few pairs, remote, thin, mostly shorter than the internodes, narrowly lanceolate or linear, acute or acuminate at the apex, repand-denticulate, little narrowed at the base, all sessile, or the lowest petioled, 2'-$' long, 2"~4" wide ; spikes very slender, remotely many- flowered, 4'-8' long in fruit; lower bracts often nearly as long as the campanulate calyx; calyx- teeth acute, shorter than the tube; fruiting calyx broadly oval, 2"-2j" long; corolla much dilated above, 5"-7" long. On prairies, western Kentucky to Missouri, Louis- iana, Arkansas and Texas. May-July. 4. Dracocephalum Nuttallii Britton. Pur- ple or Western Lion's Heart. Fig. 3602. Physostegia parviflora Nutt. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 434. As synonym. 1848. A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 371. Not Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. Stem rather stout, usually simple, i-3 high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate- lanceolate, acute, acuminate, or the lower obtuse at the apex, sharply serrate or dentate, somewhat narrowed at the base, all sessile or the lowest petioled, thin, 3'-4' long, 3"-io" wide; spikes densely several-many-flowered, i'-4' long ; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the calyx ; flowering calyx campanulate, its teeth ovate, obtuse or subacute, about one-third as long as the tube; fruiting calyx globose-oblong, 2"-3" long; corolla purple, S"-f long. In moist soil, Wisconsin and Minnesota to Ne- braska, North Dakota, Saskatchewan, British Colum- bia and Oregon. June-Aug. n8 LABIATAE. VOL. III. 15. SYNANDRA Nutt. Gen. 2 : 29. 1818. An annual or biennial, somewhat hirsute, simple or little branched herb, with long- petioled ovate cordate crenate leaves, and large whitish flowers in a terminal leafy-bracted spike. Calyx campanulate-oblong, membranous, deeply 4-cleft, inflated in fruit, faintly and irregularly veined, the lobes narrowly lanceolate, the two upper shorter than the lower. Corolla much longer than the calyx, its tube narrow below, much expanded above, 2-lipped; upper lip concave, entire; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla; filaments villous; anthers glabrous, 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, the contiguous ones of the upper pair of stamens sterile and connate. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; style unequally 2-clef t at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth, sharply angled. [Greek, stamens-together.] A monotypic genus of southeastern North America. i. Synandra hispidula (Michx.) Britton. Synandra. Fig. 3603. Lamium hispidulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 4. 1803. Synandra grandiflora Nutt. Gen. 2: 29. 1818. Torreya grandiflora Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 3 : 356. 1818. 5. hispidula Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 285. 1894. Stem rather slender, erect or ascending, weak, \-2\ long, striate. Leaves thin, the lower and basal ones broadly ovate, or nearly orbicular, pal- mately veined, acute or obtuse at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, the blade 2'-4' long, and com- monly shorter than the petiole; floral leaves sessile, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the flowers solitary in their axils, the uppermost leaves very small ; calyx hirsute, its lobes about as long as the tube; corolla i'-ii' long, showy, the lower lip with purple lines. Along streams and in wet woods, Ohio to Illinois, Virginia and Tennessee. Ascends to 3,500 ft. in Vir- erinia. May-June. 16. PHLOMIS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 584. 1753. Tall perennial herbs, or shrubs. Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, 5-io-nerved, the limb mostly equally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube usually with a woolly ring within, shorter than or exceeding the calyx, the limb strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, concave, arched or some- times keeled, entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer and their filaments with hooked appendages at the base ; anther-sacs divergent. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; style subulate, 2-cleft at the summit, one of the lobes smaller than the other. Nutlets ovoid, glabrous, or pubescent above. [Greek, mullen, in allusion to the thick woolly leaves of some species.] About 50 species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Phlomis fruticosa L. i. Phlomis tuberosa L. Sage-leaf Mullen. Jerusalem Sage. Fig. 3604. Phlomis tuberosa L. Sp. PI. 586. 1753. Herbaceous from a thickened root; stem stout, purplish, glabrous or loosely pubescent above, usually much branched, 3-6 tall, the branches nearly erect. Lower leaves triangular-ovate, long- petioled, acuminate or acute at the apex, coarsely dentate or incised-dentate, rather thick, deeply cordate at the base, strongly veined, S'-io' long, 3'-6' wide; upper leaves lanceolate, short-petioled or sessile, truncate or sometimes narrowed at the base, the uppermost (floral) very small; clusters densely many-flowered ; bractlets subulate, ciliate- hirsute or nearly glabrous; calyx s"-6" long, its teeth setaceous with a broader base, spreading; corolla io"-i2" long, pale purple or white, twice as long as the calyx, densely pubescent, and the margins of its upper lip fringed with long hairs. In waste places, south shore of Lake Ontario. Naturalized from southern Europe. June-Sept. GENUS 17. MINT FAMILY. 119 17. GALEOPSIS L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753. Erect annual branching herbs, with broad or narrow leaves, and rather small yellow red purple or mottled verticillate-clustered flowers in the upper axils, or forming terminal dense or interrupted spikes. Calyx campanulate or tubular-campanulate, 5-io-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth nearly equal, spinulose. Corolla-tube narrow, the throat expanded, the limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, entire; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe obcor- date or emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely 2-valved, the inner valve ciliate, the outer smooth, larger. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nut- lets ovoid, slightly flattened, smooth. [Greek, weasel-like.] About 6 species, natives of Europe and Asia. Type species : Galeopsis Tetrahit L. Plant puberulent; leaves linear to ovate-lanceolate. i. G.Ladanum. Plant hispid ; leaves ovate. 2. G. Tetrahit. i. Galeopsis Ladanum L. Red Hemp- Nettle. Ironwort. Fig. 3605. Galeopsis Ladanum L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753. Puberulent, sometimes glandular above ; stem slender, erect, much branched, 6'-i8' high, the branches ascending. Leaves linear, ovate-ob- long, or ovate-lanceolate, mostly short-peti- oled, acute at both ends, dentate, or nearly entire, i'-2' long, 2"-8" wide; flower-clusters mainly axillary, distant ; calyx-teeth subulate- lanceolate, shorter than or equalling the tube; corolla 6"-8" long, red or purple to white and variegated, twice the length of the calyx. In waste places and on ballast, New Brunswick to Michigan, New Jersey and Indiana. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Dog-nettle. July-Oct. 2. Galeopsis Tetrahit L. Hemp-Nettle. Hemp Dead Nettle. Ironwort. Fig. 3606. Galeopsis Tetrahit L. Sp. PL 579. 1753. A coarse and rough-hairy herb, the stem rather stout, branched, i-3 high, swollen under the joints. Leaves ovate, membranous, slender-petioled, acumi- nate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, coarsely dentate, 2'-5' long, V-2\' wide; flower-clus- ters axillary, dense, or in a short leafy-bracted spike ; calyx-teeth needle-pointed, bristly, as long as or longer than the tube ; corolla 8"-i2" long, pink or pale purple variegated with white, about twice the length of the calyx. In waste places, Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to North Carolina, West Virginia and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Bee-, dog- or blind-nettle. Stinging or flowering nettle. Nettle-, wild- or bastard-hemp. Simon's-weed. June-Sept. 18. LEONURUS L. Sp. PL 584. 1753. Tall erect herbs, with palmately cleft, parted or dentate leaves, and small white or pink flowers verticillate in dense axillary clusters. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-nerved, nearly /regular and equally 5-toothed, the teeth rigid, subulate or aristate. Tube of the corolla included or slightly exserted, its limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave or nearly flat, entire; lower lip spreading or deflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad, obcordate or emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, the anterior pair the longer, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla; anthers 2-celled, the sacs mostly parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets 3-sided, smooth. [Greek, lion's-tail.] About 10 species, natives of Europe and : 'Asia. Type species: Leonurus Cardiaca L. Lower leaves palmately 2-s-cleft, the upper 3-cleft. i. L. Cardiaca. Leaves deeply 3-parted, the segments cleft and incised. z. L. sibiricus. Leaves coarsely dentate or incised-dentate. 3. L. Marrubiastrum. 120 LABIATAE. VOL. III. i. Leonurus Cardiaca L. Motherwort. Fig. 3607. Leonurus Cardiaca L. Sp. PI. 584. 1753. Perennial, puberulent ; stem rather stout, strict, commonly branched, 2-5 tall, the branches straight and ascending. Leaves membranous, slender-petioled, the lower nearly orbicular, pal- mately 3-5-cleft, 2 '-4' broad, the lobes acumi- nate, incised or dentate; upper (floral) leaves narrower, oblong-lanceolate or rhombic, 3-cleft, or the uppermort merely 3-toothed; flower-clus- ters numerous, exceeded by the petioles ; calyx- teeth lanceolate, subulate, somewhat spreading, nearly as long as the tube; corolla pink, purple or white, 3 "-5" long, its tube with an oblique ring of hairs within, us upper lip slightly con- cave, densely white-woolly without, the lower lip mottled; anther-sacs parallel. In waste places, Nova Scotia to North Carolina, South Dakota, Montana, Kansas and Utah. Na- turalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Also called cowthwort. Lion's-ear. June-Sept. 2. Leonurus sibiricus L. Siberian Mother- wort or Lion's-tail. Fig. 3608. Leonurus sibiricus L. Sp. PI. 584. 1753. Biennial, puberulent or glabrate; stem stout, branched, 2-6 high, the branches slender. Leaves long-petioled, deeply 3-parted into ovate or lan- ceolate, more or less cuneate, acute or acuminate deeply cleft and incised segments, the lobes lan- ceolate or linear, acute; lower leaves sometimes 6' wide, the uppermost linear or lanceolate, slightly toothed or entire ; clusters numerous, dense, usu- ally all axillary; calyx campanulate, 3" long, glabrous or minutely puberulent, its bristle-shaped teeth slightly spreading, shorter than the tube; corolla purple or red, densely puberulent without, 4"-6" long, its tube naked within, the upper lip arched; anther-sacs divergent. In waste and cultivated soil, southern Pennsylva- nia and Delaware. Bermuda. Naturalized from eastern Asia. Widely distributed in tropical Amer- ica as a weed. May-Sept. 3. Leonurus Marrubiastrum L. Hoar- hound Motherwort or Lion's-tail. Fig. 3609. Leonurus Marrubiastrum L. Sp. PI. 584. 1753. Biennial, puberulent or pubescent ; stem stout, branched, 2-5 high. Leaves petioled, ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, coarsely crenate or in- cised-dentate, i'-3' long, '-ii' wide, the upper narrower; flower-clusters dense, numerous, axillary; calyx finely puberulent or glabrate, its bristle-shaped somewhat spreading teeth mostly shorter than the tube ; corolla nearly white, glabrate, about 4" long, its tube scarcely exceeding the calyx, naked within, its lower lip ascending. In waste places, southern Pennsylvania and Delaware. Recorded from New Jersey. Natural- ized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June- Sept. GENUS 19. MINT FAMILY. 121 19. LAMIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 579. 1753. Annual or perennial mostly diffuse herbs, with crenate dentate or incised, usually cordate leaves, and rather small flowers, verticillate in axillary and terminal clusters. Calyx tubular- campanulate, about 5-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth sharp, equal or the upper ones longer. Tube of the corolla mostly longer than the calyx, dilated above, its limb 2-lipped ; upper lip concave, erect, usually entire, narrowed at the base; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe emarginate, contracted at the base, the lateral ones sometimes each with a tooth-like appendage. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, often hirsute on the back. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets smooth or tuberculate. [Greek, throat, from the ringent corolla.] About 40 species, natives of the Old World, known as Dead-Nettie or Hedge Dead-Nettie. Type species : Lamium purpurevun L. Upper leaves sessile or clasping. i. L. amplexicaule. Leaves all petioled. Flowers red or purple. Corolla 6"-g" long ; leaves not blotched. Corolla io"-i2" long; leaves commonly blotched. Flowers white. 2. L. purpureum. 3. L. maculatum. 4. L. album. i. Lamium amplexicaule L. Henbit. Greater Henbit. Henbit Dead Nettle. Fig. 3610. Lamium amplexicaule L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753. Biennial or annual, sparingly pubescent; stems branched from the base or also from the lower axils, slender, ascending or decum- bent, 6'-i8' long. Leaves orbicular or nearly so, coarsely crenate, i'-ii' wide, rounded at the apex, the lower slender-petioled, mostly cordate, the upper sessile and more or less clasping; flowers rather few in axillary and terminal clusters ; calyx pubescent, its teeth erect, nearly as long as the tube ; corolla pur- plish or red, 6"-8" long, its tube very slender, the lateral lobes of its lower lip very small, the middle one spotted; upper lip somewhat pubescent; flowers sometimes cleistogamous. In waste and cultivated ground, New Bruns- wick to Ontario, Minnesota, British Columbia, Florida, Arkansas and California and in Ber- muda and Jamaica. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Feb Oct. 2. Lamium purpureum L. Red Dead Nettle. Fig. 3611. Lamium purpureum L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753- Annual, slightly pubescent, branched from the base and sometimes also above; stems stout or slender, decumbent, 6'-i8' long. Leaves crenate or crenulate, the lower orbicular or broadly ovate, slender-petioled, rounded at the apex, cordate at the base, the upper ovate, snort-petioled, sometimes acute at the apex, \'-\\' long; flowers in axillary and terminal clusters; calyx teeth narrowly lanceolate, acu- minate, slightly longer than the tube, spread- ing, at least in fruit ; corolla purple-red, rarely exceeding \' long, its tube rather stout, the lateral lobes of its lower lip reduced to I or 2 short teeth, its middle lobe spotted; upper lip very pubescent. In waste and cultivated soil, Newfoundland to Pennsylvania, North Carolina and Missouri. Also in ballast about the northern seaports. Natural- ized or adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. Old names, red or sweet archangel ; day-, dog-, french- or deaf-nettle. Rabbit-meat. April- Oct. 122 LABIATAE. VOL. III. Lamium hybridum Vill., occasionally found in waste and cultivated grounds, introduced from Europe, differs by its more deeply and incisely toothed leaves. 3. Lamium maculatum L. Spotted Dead Nettle. Variegated Dead Nettle. Fig. 3612. L. maculatum L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 809. 1763. Perennial, somewhat pubescent; stems mostly slender, commonly branched, de- cumbent or ascending, 8'-ii long. Leaves crenate or incised-crenate, all petioled, usu- ally longitudinally blotched along the mid- rib, broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, acute or obtuse, truncate or cordate at the base, I '-2' long, or some of the lower ones much smaller and nearly orbicular ; clusters few-flowered, mainly axillary; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, as long as or longer than the tube, spreading; corolla io"-i2" long, purple-red, its tube short, contracted near the base, with a transverse ring of hairs within, the lateral lobes of its lower lip very small. Along roadsides, escaped from gardens, Maine and Vermont to Virginia. Native of Europe and Asia. May-Oct. 4. Lamium album L. White Dead Nettle. Fig. 3613. Lamium album L. Sp. PI. 579. 1753. Perennial, pubescent; stems decumbent or ascending, rather stout, simple or branched, i-ii long. Leaves ovate, crenate, dentate or incised, all petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base, I '-3' long, or the lower shorter and obtuse; clusters mostly axillary; calyx-teeth very slender, subulate, spreading, usually longer than the tube; corolla white, about i' long, its tube short, stout, contracted near the base, with an oblique ring of hairs within, the lat- eral lobes of its lower lip each with a slender tooth. Tn waste places, Ontario to Massachusetts and Virginia. Also in ballast about the northern sea- ports. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. Old names, white archangel ; day-, blind-, dumb- er bee-nettle; snake-flower, suck-bottle. April- Oct. 20. BALLOTA L. Sp. PI. 582. 1753. Perennial pubescent or tomentose herbs, some species shrubby, with dentate or crenate leaves, and small bracted flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx tubular-funnelform, lo-nerved, 5-io-toothed, the teeth dilated at the base, or sometimes connate into a spreading limb. Corolla-tube about as long as the calyx, provided with a ring of hairs within, the limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, emarginate, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe emarginate or obcordate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer; anther-sacs divergent at maturity. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [The Greek name.] About 30 species, natives of the Old World, most numerous in the Mediterranean region, the following typical. GENUS 20. MINT FAMILY. i. Ballota nigra L. Black or Fetid Hoarhound. Fig. 3614. Ballota nigra L. Sp. PI. 582. 1753. Herbaceous, puberulent or pubescent, ill-scented; stem usually branched, erect, ii-3 high, its hairs mostly reflexed. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, or the lower nearly orbicular, acute or obtuse at the apex, coarsely dentate, thin, narrowed, truncate or subcor- date at the base, i'-2' long; clusters numerous, several- flowered, dense; bractlets subulate, somewhat shorter than the calyx ; calyx about 4" long, its teeth lanceo- late, sharp, bristle-pointed, spreading in fruit; corolla 6"-9" long, reddish-purple to whitish, its upper lip pubescent on both sides ; nutlets shining. In waste places, eastern Massachusetts to Pennsylva- nia. Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept. Black arch- angel. Hairhound. Henbit. Bastard-hoarhound. 21. STACHYS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 580. 1753. Annual or perennial glabrous pubescent or hirsute herbs, with small or rather large purple yellow red or white flowers, loosely verticillate-clustered in terminal dense or inter- rupted spikes, or also in the upper axils. Calyx mostly campanulate, 5-io-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth nearly equal in our species. Corolla purple in our species, its tube narrow, not exceeding the calyx, the limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe broader than the lateral ones, sometimes 2-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer, sometimes deflexed or twisted after anthesis; anthers contiguous in pairs, 2-celled, the sacs mostly divergent. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; style 2-clef t at the summit into subulate lobes. Nutlets ovoid or oblong. [Greek, a spike, from the spicate inflorescence.] About 1 60 species, of wide geographic distribution in the north temperate zone, a few in South America and South Africa. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Type species : Stachys germanica L. r A. Perennials. Leaves, or some of them narrowed or acute at the base, linear to oblong or lanceolate. Stem glabrous or nearly so, sometimes sparingly hirsute on the angles ; leaves nearly or quite entire. Leaves i"-2^" long, linear. i. 5. hyssopifolia. Leaves 2"- 5" wide, oblong to linear-oblong. 2. S. atlantica. Stem retrorsely hirsute ; leaves serrate. Stem hirsute only on the angles ; leaves slightly pubescent. 3. S. ambigua. Stem densely hirsute all over; leaves densely pubescent. 4. S.arenicola. 2. Leaves rounded, cordate or truncate at the base, oblong, ovate or lanceolate. Leaves all subsessile or short-petioled. Glabrous or very nearly so, the stem-angles sparsely bristly. Stem retrorsely hirsute ; leaves pubescent. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate. Leaves, at least the lower, slender-petioled. Stem glabrous, or nearly so. Stem retrorsely hirsute or villous. Petioles less than one-fourth as long as the blades. Pubescence hirsute. Pubescence short, dense. Petioles, at least those of lower leaves, about one-half as long as blades. B. Annuals. Plant low, hirsute. Plant tall, densely villous. 5. S. latidens. 6. S. palustris. 7. S.Nuttallii. 8. S. tenuifolia. g. S. asp era. 10. S. salvioides. the deeply cordate 11. S. cordata. 12. S. arvensis. 13. 5". germanica. LABIATAE. VOL. III. i. Stachys hyssopifolia Michx. Hyssop Hedge Nettle. Fig. 3615. 5. palustris Walt. Fl. Car. 162. 1788. Not L. 1753. S. hyssopifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 4. 1803. Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so through- out, sometimes slightly hirsute at the nodes ; stem slender, usually branched, erect or nearly so, i-i long. Leaves thin, linear, acute at both ends, or the uppermost rounded at the base, short-petioled or sessile, entire, or spar- ingly denticulate with low teeth, i'~2 r long, i"-2$" wide, the uppermost reduced to short floral bracts ; clusters few-several-flowered, forming an interrupted spike; calyx glabrous or slightly hirsute, 2"-3" long, its teeth lan- ceolate-subulate, nearly as long as the tube; corolla about 7" long, light purple, glabrous. In fields and thickets, Massachusetts to Florida, Indiana, Michigan and Virginia. July-Sept. 2. Stachys atlantica Britton. Coast' Hedge Nettle. Fig. 3616. Stachys atlantica Britton, Man. 792. 1901. Perennial, glabrous or with a few hairs at the nodes of the stem, weak, diffuse, 8'-i6' long. Leaves thin, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, narrowed, or the upper sometimes rounded at the base, remotely den- ticulate or entire, spreading, 2' long or less, 2"-5" wide; fruiting calyx glabrous, broadly campanulate, about 2\" long, its teeth triangular-ovate, acuminate, more than half as long as the tube; corolla purplish. In wet meadows and marshes, Long Island to eastern Penn- sylvania. Perhaps a wet-ground race of the preceding species. Aug.-Sept. 3. Stachys ambigua (A. Gray) Britton. Dense-flowered Hedge Nettle. Fig. 3617. Stachys hyssopifolia var. ambigua A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 387. 1878. 5". ambigua Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 285. 1894. Perennial ; stem slender, erect, retrorsely his- pid, at least below, simple or sparingly branched, i-2 high. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or linear, pubescent or glabrate, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 2"-io" wide, i '-3' long, serrulate; clusters in a terminal rather dense spike, and usually also in the upper axils; calyx more or less hirsute, 22" long, its lanceolate-subulate teeth more than one-half as long as the tube ; corolla nearly as in S. hyssopi- folia. In moist soil, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, Georgia, Wisconsin and Kentucky. July Aug. GENUS 21. MINT FAMILY. 4. Stachys arenicola Britton. Sand Hedge Nettle. Fig. 3618. Stachys arenicola Britton, Man. 792. 1901. Perennial, very densely pubescent, ii-3 high. Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, sessile, finely crenate-dentate, acuminate, 2^-4' long, the upper much smaller ; upper bracts little longer than the flowers; calyx-teeth subulate-acicular, about as long as the tube ; coroll? about 5" long. In sandy soil, southern New York to Illinois and Michigan. July-Sept. 5. Stachys latidens Small. Broad-toothed Hedge Nettle. Fig. 3619. Stachys latidens Small; Britton, Man. 793. 1901. Perennial; stem glabrous almost to the inflorescence, erect, i-2i tall, mostly simple, slightly rough on the angles. Leaves thin, various, the lower oval or ovate to oblong, i '-4' long, the upper longer, narrower, oblong-elliptic to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, all crenate-serrate with rather small teeth, rather abruptly narrowed or subcordate at the base, short-petioled ; in- florescence closely pubescent, the clusters few; calyx minutely pubescent, often sessile, 2i"-3" long, the tube campanulate, the teeth triangular, very short ; corolla about 5" long, purplish. On mountain slopes and summits, Virginia to North Carolina and Tennessee. June-Aug. 6. Stachys palustris L. Hedge Nettle. Marsh or Clown's Woundwort. Fig. 3620. Stachys palustris L. Sp. PI. 580. 1753. Perennial, hirsute or pubescent all over; stem erect, strict, simple or somewhat branched, com- monly slender, and retrorse-hispid on the angles, i-4 high. Leaves firm, lanceolate, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, or very short-petioled, acuminate or acute at the apex, truncate, cordate or subcordate at the base, 2'-$' long, \'-\' wide, crenulate or dentate; flower-clusters forming an elongated interrupted spike, sometimes also in the upper axils; flowers 6-10 in a whorl; calyx pubescent, its subulate teeth more than one-half as long as the tube; corolla purplish to pale red, purple spotted, 6"-8" long, its upper lip pubescent. In moist soil, Newfoundland to Oregon, south to southern New York, Illinois, Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Sept. Old names, clown's-heal or all-heal. Cock-head. Dead nettle. Rough weed. June-Sept. LABIATAE. VOL. III. 7. Stachys Nuttallii Shuttlw. Nuttall's Hedge Nettle. Fig. 3621. Stachys Nuttallii Shuttlw.; DC. Prodr. 12: 469. 1848. Perennial, conspicuously hirsute, bright green; stem stiff, erect, li 31 tall, simple. Leaves thinnish, ob- long, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate-dentate, rounded or truncate at the base, short- petioled, 2' -4' long; spike interrupted; bracts surpass- ing the calyx, the upper ones with 3 tooth-like lobes ; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, about i as long as the tube; corolla purple, about 5" long, pu- bescent; nutlets about i" long. In woods and on mountain slopes, Maryland and Vir- ginia to Tennessee. June-Aug. 8. Stachys tenuifolia Willd. Smooth Hedge Nettle. Fig. 3622. Stachys tenuifolia Willd. Sp. PI. 3 : 100. 1801. 5". glabra Ridd. Suppl. Cat. Ohio PI. 16. 1836. S. cincinnatensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 531. 1891. Perennial; stem quite smooth, or slightly scabrous on the angles, slender, erect or ascending, usually branched, i-2i high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or ovate-lanceo- late, slender-petioled, thin, acuminate at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, sharply dentate or denticulate, dark green, 2 f -s' long, \'-2' wide; clusters several or numerous in terminal spikes, or also in the upper axils; calyx glabrous, or sparingly hirsute, 2" long, its teeth lanceolate, acute, one-half as long as the tube or more; co- rolla about 6"-8" long, pale red and purple. In moist fields and thickets, New York to Illinois, Kansas, North Carolina and Louisiana. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug. Stachys aspera Michx. Nettle or Woundwort. Rough Hedge Fig. 3623. Stachys aspera Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 5. 1803. Stachys hispida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 407. 1814. S". palustris var. aspera A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 317. 1856. Perennial, rough hairy; stem erect or ascending, simple or branched, 2-4 high, commonly retrorse- hispid on the angles. Leaves firm, oblong, oblong- lanceolate, or ovate-oblong, crenate-dentate, acute or acuminate at the apex, truncate, rounded or cordate at the base, 2'-6' long, \'-2&' wide, the lower slender- petioled, the upper short-petioled ; spike terminal, mostly interrupted ; clusters sometimes also in the upper axils ; calyx about 3" long, hirsute or glabrate, its teeth triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, about one- half as long as the tube; corolla red-purple, about 4' long, its upper lip pubescent. In moist soil, Ontario to Massachusetts, Florida, Min- nesota and Louisiana. Ascends to 5300 ft. in Virginia. June-Sept. Base hoarhound. GENUS 21. MINT FAMILY. 127 10. Stachys salvioides Small. Sage-like Hedge Nettle. Fig. 3624. Stachys salvioides Small; Fl. SE. U. S. 1032. 1903. Perennial, rather finely and often closely puberu- lent or puberulent-pubescent ; stem erect, i-3 tall, commonly branched, rough along the angles. Leaves firm, oblong to oblong-ovate or rarely ovate, 2%'-5' long, or shorter on the lower part of the stem, pubescent on both sides, acute or acutish, crenate, truncate or cordate at the base, slender-petioled; clusters several ; calyx sessile or nearly so, becom- ing 2i" long, finely pubescent, the tube campanulate- turbinate, the teeth triangular at mutarity; corolla nearly 5" long, pale purple. In stony soil, Virginia and West Virginia to Tennes- :e. June-Aug. ii. Stachys cordata Riddell. Light-green Hedge Nettle. Fig. 3625. Stachys cordata Riddell, Suppl. Cat. Ohio PI. 15. 1836. Stachys palustris var. cordata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 317. 1856. Perennial, hirsute, pale green ; stem slender, weak, mostly simple, ascending or reclining, 2-3 long. Leaves membranous, flaccid, ovate, oblong or ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, acute or the lowest obtuse at the apex, nearly all of them cordate at the base, dentate or crenate all around, long-petioled, 3'-6' long, i '-3' wide, the lowest petioles nearly as long as the blades; spike interrupted; calyx-teeth subu- late-lanceolate, about half the length of the tube; corolla purplish, pubescent or puberulent, about 5" long. In woods and thickets, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois to North Carolina and Tennessee. Ascends to 2100 ft. in Virginia. July-Aug. 12. Stachys arvensis L. Corn or Field Wound wort. Fig. 3626. Stachys arvensis L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 814. 1763. Annual, hirsute ; stem very slender, diffusely branch- ed, decumbent or ascending, 3'-2 long. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, thin, long-petiolcd, obtuse at the apex, crenate all around, cordate or the upper rounded at the base, about i' long; lower petioles commonly as long as the blades ; clusters 4-6-flow- ered, borne in the upper axils and in short terminal spikes; calyx about 3" long, its teeth lanceolate, acuminate, nearly as long as the tube; corolla pur- plish, 3"-s" long. In waste places, Maine and Massachusetts to Ne- braska, in ballast about the eastern seaports, and in the West Indies, Mexico and South America. Naturalized from Europe. July-Oct. Stachys annua L., another European annual species, the stems erect, glabrous or nearly so, the yellow corolla much longer than the calyx, has been found in ballast and waste grounds about the seaports. LABIATAE. VOL. III. i3 Stachys germanica L. Downy Wound- wort. Mouse-ear. Fig. 3627. Stachys germanica L. Sp. PI. 581. 1753. Annual ; stem erect, simple, or somewhat branched, i-3 high, densely villous. Leaves oval, ovate or lanceolate, crenate-dentate, villous, the lower round- ed or subcordate at the base, long-petioled, mostly obtuse at the apex, the upper short-petioled or ses- sile, narrowed at both ends; clusters of flowers dense, borne in most of the axils ; bracts lanceolate, half as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth ovate, acumi- nate, awned; corolla purple, its tube about as long as the calyx. Roadsides near Guelph, Ontario. Adventive from Europe. July-Sept. 22. BETONICA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 573. 1753- Annual or perennial herbs, similar to Stachys. Lower leaves very long-petioled. Ver- ticils many-flowered, in terminal spikes. Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, 5-io-nerved. Corolla purple, the tube exceeding the calyx, the limb strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip concave ; lower 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens and pistil as in Stachys, but the anther-sacs parallel in some species. Nutlets ovoid, rounded above. [The classical Latin name of wood betony.] Ten species, or more, natives of Europe and Asia, the following typical. i. Betonica officinalis L. Betony. Wood Betony. Bishop's-wort. Fig. 3628. Betonica officinalis L. Sp. PI. 573. 1753. Stachys Betonica Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 532. 1834. Perennial, pilose or glabrate, deep green ; stem slen- der, erect, usually simple, i-3 tall. Leaves oblong or ovate, obtuse at the apex, crenate all around, firm, cor- date or truncate at the base, the basal and lower ones very long-petioled, the blades 3'-6' long, the upper dis- tant, short-petioled or nearly sessile; lower petioles ii-4 times as long as the blades; spike short, dense; bracts ovate, mucronate, about as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth acicular, half as long as the tube or more; corolla-tube exserted. In a thicket at Newton, Mass. Fugitive from Europe. Herb Christopher. Wild hop. July-Sept. 23. SALVIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 23. 1753. Herbs, or some species shrubs, with clustered usually showy flowers, the clusters mostly spiked, racemed, or panicled. Calyx ovoid, tubular or campanulate, mostly naked in the throat, 2-lipped; upper lip entire or 3-toothed; lower lip 2-cleft or 2-toothed. Corolla strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip usually concave, sometimes arched, entire, emarginate or 2-lobed ; lower lip spreading or drooping, 3-cleft or 3-lobed. Anther-bearing stamens 2 (the posterior pair wanting or rudimentary) ; filaments usually short; connective of the anthers transverse, linear or filiform, bearing a perfect anther-sac on its upper end, its lower end dilated, capi- tate or sometimes bearing a small or rudimentary one. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets smooth, usually developing mucilage and spiral tubes when wetted. [Latin, salvus, safe from its healing virtues.] About 500 species, of wide distribution in temperate and tropical regions. Besides the follow- ing, some 25 others occur in southern and western North r America. Type species : Salvia officinalis L. Leaves mostly basal, only 1-3 pairs on the stem. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid or repand ; upper corolla-lip short. Leaves crenulate ; upper lip arched, longer than the lower. Stem leafy, bearing several pairs of leaves. Leaves narrowly oblong, or lanceolate. Corolla io"-is" long, its tube exserted. Corolla 4"-6" long, its tube not exserted. Leaves ovate, or broadly oval. Upper corolla-lip short, not exceeding the lower. 1. 5". lyrata. 2. S. pratensis. 3. S. Pitcheri. 4. 5. lanceifolia. GENUS 23. MINT FAMILY. 129 5. S. urilcifolia. 6. 5". Verbenaca. 7. 5. Sclarea. Leaves merely crenate or crenulate ; fruiting calyx spreading. Leaves pinnatifid, sinuate or incised ; fruiting calyx deflexed. Upper lip of corolla arched, longer than the lower. i. Salvia lyrata L. Lyre-leaved Sage. Wild Sage. Cancer-weed. Fig. 3629. Salvia lyrata L. Sp. PI. 23. 1753. Perennial or biennial, hirsute or pubescent; stem slender, simple, or sparingly branched, erect, i-3 high, bearing i or 2 distant pairs of small leaves (rarely leafless), and several rather distant whorls of large violet flowers. Basal leaves tufted, long-petioled, obovate or broadly oblong, lyrate- pinnatifid or repand-dentate, thin, 3'-8' long ; stem- leaves similar, or narrower and entire, sessile, or short-petioled ; clusters distant, about 6-flowered ; calyx campanulate, the teeth of its upper lip subu- late, those of the lower longer, aristulate; corolla about i' long, the tube very narrow below, the upper lip much smaller than the lower; fila- ments slender; anther-sacs borne on both the upper and lower ends of the connective, the lower one often smaller. In dry, mostly sandy woods and thickets, Con- necticut to Florida, west to Illinois, Arkansas and Texas. Corolla rarely undeveloped. May-July. 2. Salvia pratensis L. Meadow Sage. Fig. 3630. Salvia pratensis L. Sp. PI. 25. 1753. Perennial, pubescent or puberulent; stem erect, rather stout, simple or little branched, sparingly leafy. Basal leaves long-petioled, ovate, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, irregularly crenulate, obtuse at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, thick, rugose, 2 r -f long; stem-leaves much smaller, nar- rower, commonly acute, sessile or nearly so; clusters spicate, the spike elongated, interrupted ; calyx campanulate, glandular-pubescent, the teeth of the upper lip minute, those of the lower long, subulate ; corolla purple, minutely glandular, its upper lip strongly arched, mostly longer than the lower; lower end of the connective with a small or imperfect anther-sac. Atlantic Co., N. J. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. May-July. 3. Salvia Pitcheri Torr. Pitcher's Sage. Tall Sage. Fig. 3631. Salvia Pitcheri Torr. ; Benth. Lab. 251. 1833. Salvia azurea var. grandiflora Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12 : 302. 1848. Perennial, downy; stem stout, branched or simple, erect, 2-5 high ; branches nearly erect. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, dentate to en- tire, sessile, or narrowed at the base into short petioles, firm, 2'-$' long, 2"-8" wide, the up- permost reduced to small bracts; clusters in long dense terminal spikes, or the lower ones distant ; calyx oblong-campanulate, densely and finely woolly, about 3" long, its upper lip en- tire, obtuse, the lower with 2 ovate acute teeth ; corolla blue or white, finely pubescent without, i' long, its lower lip broad, sinuately 3-lobed, longer than the concave upper one ; lower ends of the connective dilated, often adherent to each other, destitute of anther-sacs. On dry plains, Illinois and Minnesota to Mis- souri, Kansas, Colorado and Texas. July-Sept. 130 LABIATAE. VOL. III. Salvia lanceifolia Poir. Lance-leaved Sage. Fig. 3632. 5". lanceolata Brouss. App. Elench. PI. Hort. Monsp. 15. 1805. Not Lam. ?S. reflexa Hornem. Enum. PI. Hort. Hafn. 34. 1807. S. lanceifolia Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 5: 49. 1817. Annual, puberulent or glabrous; stem leafy, usually much branched, erect or diffuse, 6'-i8' high. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, petioled, mostly obtuse at the apex and narrowed at the base, crenulate-dentate or entire, I '-2' long, 2"-5" wide, the upper reduced to lanceolate-subulate, rather persistent bracts ; flowers mostly opposite, but sometimes 3-4 together in the terminal spike-like racemes ; pedicels shorter than the campanulate calyx; calyx 2"-3" long, its upper lip ovate, entire, the lower 2-cleft, the teeth ovate, mucronate ; corolla blue, about 4" long, its lower lip narrow, twice as long as the upper; lower ends of the connectives dilated; style nearly or quite glabrous. On plains, Indiana to Nebraska, Montana, Colorado, Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Recorded as introduced in Ohio. May-Sept. 5. Salvia urticifolia L. Nettle-leaved or Wild Sage. Fig. 3633. Salvia urticifolia L. Sp. PI. 24. 1753. Perennial, pubescent, or nearly glabrous; stem glandular above, rather slender, ascending or erect, i-2 high. Leaves thin, ovate, 2'-4' long, irregularly dentate or crenate-dentate, usually acute at the apex, abruptly contracted below into margined petioles; clusters several-flowered, in terminal interrupted spikes ; bracts early decidu- ous ; pedicels about as long as the calyx ; calyx oblong-campanulate, about 3" long, the upper lip minutely 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, its teeth triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading in fruit; corolla puberulent without, 6"-8" long, blue and white, the lower lip broad, 3-lobed, twice as long as the upper; lower ends of the connectives dilated; style bearded. In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Kentucky, south to Georgia and Louisiana. April-June. 6. Salvia Verbenaca L. Wild Sage. Wild Clary. Fig. 3634. Salvia Verbenaca L. Sp. PI. 25. 1753. Perennial ; stem glandular-pubescent, erect, simple or sparingly branched, r-2 high. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, coarsely and irregularly incised-dentate or pinnatifid, peti- oled, or the uppermost sessile, the lower 3'-8' long, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base, nearly glabrous, the upper acute, much smaller ; floral bracts broadly ovate, short ; clusters sev- eral-flowered in elongated terminal interrupted spikes ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; calyx deflexed in fruit, 3"-4" long, its upper lip re- curved-spreading, with 3 minute connivent teeth, the lower one with 2 lanceolate acumi- nate mucronate teeth; corolla blue, about 4" long, its upper lip nearly straight, scarcely longer than the lower; lower ends of the con- nectives dilated and adnate to each other. In waste places, Ohio to South Carolina and Georgia. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Eye-seed. Vervain. June-Aug. Salvia verticillata L., a European species, with rough lyrate leaves, has been found wild in Pennsylvania. GENUS 23. MINT FAMILY. 7. Salvia Sclarea L. Clary. Clear-eye. See-bright. Fig. 3635. Salvia Sclarea L. Sp. PI. 27. 1753. Biennial or annual, glandular-pubescent; stem stout, erect, 2-3i high. Leaves broadly ovate, rugose, acute or obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base, irregularly denticulate, the lower long-peti- oled, 6'-8' long, the upper small, short-petioled or sessile; clusters several-flowered, numerous in terminal spikes ; bracts broad, ovate, acuminate, commonly longer than the calyx, pink or white; calyx campanulate, deflexed-spreading in fruit, 4"-5" long, its lips about equal, the teeth all subu- late-acicular ; corolla blue and white, about i' long; upper lip arched, laterally compressed, longer than the lower one. In fields, Pennsylvania to South Carolina, escaped from gardens. Naturalized from Europe. The mucilage of the seeds used to clear specks from the eye. June Aug. 24. MONARDA L. Sp. PI. 22. 1753. Perennial or annual erect aromatic herbs, with dentate or serrate leaves, and rather large white red purple yellowish or mottled flowers, in dense capitate clusters, mostly bracteate and bracteolate, terminal and sometimes also axillary, the bracts sometimes brightly colored. Calyx tubular, narrow, 15-nerved, nearly or quite equally 5-toothed, mostly villous in the throat. Corolla glabrous within, usually puberulent or glandular without, the tube slightly dilated above, the limb 2-lipped ; upper lip erect or arched, emarginate or entire; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger or longer than the others. Anther-bearing stamens 2, ascending, usually exserted, the posterior pair (staminodia) rudimentary or wanting; anthers linear, versatile, 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, more or less confluent at the base. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the apex; nutlets ovoid, smooth. [In honor of Nicolas Monardes, a Spanish physician and botanist of the sixteenth century.] About 12 species, natives of North America and Mexico. Type species: Monarda fistulosa L. Flower-clusters solitary, terminal (rarely also in the uppermost axils) ; stamens exserted. Leaves manifestly petioled, the petioles commonly slender. Corolla scarlet, ij^'-a' long; bracts red. Corolla white, pink, or purple, i'-ij4' long. Leaves membranous; corolla slightly pubescent, io"-i2" long. Leaves thin or firm; corolla pubescent, i'-ij^' long. Pubescence spreading ; leaves thin. Corolla cream-color, pink, or purplish. Corolla or bracts deep purple or purple-red. Pubescence short, canescent ; leaves firm, pale. Leaves sessile, or very short-petioled. Flower-clusters both axillary and terminal ; stamens not exserted. Calyx-teeth triangular; corolla yellowish, mottled. Calyx-teeth subulate-aristate ; corolla white or purple, not mottled. Bracts lanceolate, gradually acuminate. Bracts oblong to oval, not acuminate. 1. M. didyma. 2. M. clinopodia. 3. M. fistulosa. 4. M . media. 5. M. nwllis. 6. M. Bradburiana. 7. M . punctata. 8. M. pectinata. g. M. dispersa. i. Monarda didyma L. Oswego Tea. American Bee Balm. Fig. 3636. Monarda didyma L. Sp. PI. 22. 1753- Perennial; stem stout, villpus-pubescent, or glabrate, 2-3 high. Leaves thin, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, petioled, dark green, usually pubescent beneath, hairy above, acuminate at apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, 3'-6' long, i '-3' wide; lower petioles often i' long; flower-clusters almost always solitary, terminal ; bracts commonly red ; calyx glabrous without, glabrous or slightly hirsute in the throat, its teeth subulate, nearly erect, about as long as the diam- eter of the tube; corolla scarlet, i$'-2' long, puberulent; stamens exserted. In moist soil, especially along streams, Quebec to Ontario and Michigan, south to Georgia and Ten- nessee. Ascends to 5200 ft. in North Carolina. Red, low or fragrant balm. Horse- or mountain-mint. In- dian's-plume. July-Sept. '32 LABIATAE. VOL. III. 2. Monarda clinopodia L. Fig. 3637. Basal Balm. Monarda clinopodia L. Sp. PI. 22. 1753. Pycnanthemum Monardella Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 8. pi. 34. 1803. Perennial; stem slender, simple, or with few long ascending branches, glabrous or somewhat villous, i-3 high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or ovate-lan- ceolate, membranous, bright green, mostly slender- petioled, more or less villous on the veins beneath and puberulent above, acuminate at the apex, round- ed, narrowed or rarely subcordate at the base,sharply serrate, 2'-^ long, -2' wide; clusters solitary, ter- minal; bracts pale or white; calyx curved, nearly glabrous without, somewhat hirsute in the throat, its teeth subulate, slightly spreading, about as long as the diameter of the tube; corolla whitish or yel- lowish-pink, slightly pubescent, io"-i2" long ; stamens exserted. In woods and thickets, New York to Illinois, Georgia and Kentucky. Recorded from Ontario. Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug. 3. Monarda fistulosa L. Wild Bergamot. Fig. 3638. Monarda fistulosa L. Sp. PI. 22. 1753. Perennial, villous-pubescent or glabrate; stem slender, usually branched, 2-3 high. Leaves thin but not membranous, green, usually slender- petioled, lanceolate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, serrate, rounded, narrowed or sometimes cordate at the base, ii'-4' long, \'-2\' wide ; clusters solitary and terminal, or rarely also in the uppermost axils ; bracts whitish or purplish ; calyx puberulent or glabrous, densely villous in the throat, its subulate teeth rarely longer than the diameter of the tube; corolla pubescent, especially on the upper lip, yellowish- pink, lilac or purplish, i'-ii' long; stamens ex- serted. On dry hills and in thickets, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida, Louisiana and Kansas. As- cends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. Oswego-tea. June- Sept. 4. Monarda media Willd. Purple Ber- gamot. Fig. 3639. Monarda media Willd. Enum. 32. 1809. Monarda fistulosa var. rubra A. Gray, Syn. F!. 2 : Part i, 374. 1878. M. fistulosa var. media A. Gray, loc. cit. 1878. Perennial, sparingly hairy or glabrate ; stem stout, commonly branched, 2-3i high. Leaves thin, but not membranous, dark green, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, or the uppermost lanceo- late, slender-petioled, acuminate at the apex, sharply toothed, usually rounded at the base, 3'~5' long, i'-3' wide ; flower-clusters terminal, solitary, large ; bracts deep purple, very con- spicuous ; calyx curved, glabrous, or very nearly so, slightly villous in the throat, teeth slightly spreading; corolla purple or purple- red, about i long, its upper lip pubescent; stamens exserted. In moist thickets, Maine and Ontario to Penn- sylvania and Virginia. June-Aug. GENUS 24. MINT FAMILY 5. Monarda mollis L. Pale Wild Berga- mot. Fig. 3640. Monarda mollis L. Amoen. 'Acad. 3: 399. 1787. Monarda scabra Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 10 : 260. 1826. Perennial; stem slender, puberulent at least above, usually branched, i-3i high. Leaves thick or firm, pale, usually short-petioled, acumi- nate or acute at the apex, rounded, narrowed or cordate at the base, sharply or sparingly serrate, canescent or puberulent, rarely nearly glabrous, sometimes with a few scattered spreading hairs on the veins or petiole, i'-3i' long, V-i' wide; flower-clusters terminal, solitary; bracts green or slightly pink, calyx puberulent, often hairy at the summit, densely villous in the throat, its short pointed teeth nearly erect ; corolla yellowish, lilac or pink, about ij' long, pubescent, some- times glandular; stamens exserted. On prairies and plains, mostly in dry soil, Maine to Ontario, British Columbia, Alabama, Nebraska, Mis- souri, Texas and Colorado. June-Aug. 6. Monarda Bradburiana Beck. Brad- bury Monarda. Fig. 3641. Monarda Bradburiana Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 10 : 260. 1826. Perennial, sparingly villous or glabrate; stem slender, often simple, i-2,high. Leaves rather thin, bright green, ovate or ovate-lan- ceolate, sessile, or very nearly so, or partly clasping by the cordate or subcordate base, acuminate at the apex, serrate, 2'-3$' long; flower-clusters solitary and terminal; bracts green or purplish ; calyx glabrous outside, hir- sute within and narrowed at the throat, its teeth long, bristle-pointed, divergent, longer than the diameter of the tube ; corolla pink or nearly white, about i' long, its upper lip pu- bescent or puberulent, the lower commonly purple-spotted ; stamens exserted. On dry hills or in thickets, Indiana to Alabama, west to Kansas and Arkansas. May-July. Monarda punctata L. Fig. 3642. Horse-mint. Monarda punctata L. Sp. PI. 22. 1753. Perennial, usually rather densely pubescent or downy; stem usually much branched, 2-3 high. Leaves lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, serrate with low teeth, or nearly entire, usually acute at both ends, green, manifestly peti- oled, I '-3' long, 2"-?" wide, often with smaller ones fascicled in their axils; flower-clusters axil- lary and terminal, numerous ; bracts white or purplish, conspicuous, acute; calyx puberulent, villous in the throat, its teeth short, triangular- lanceolate, acute, not longer than the diameter of the tube; corolla yellowish, purple-spotted, about i' long, the stamens equalling or slightly surpassing its pubescent upper lip. In dry fields, southern New York to Florida, west to Minnesota, Kansas and Texas. Rignum. July-Oct. J 34 LABIATAE. VOL. III. 8. Monarda pectinata Xutt. Plains Lemon Monarda. Fig. 3643. M. pectinata Nutt. Proc. Acad. Phila. (II.) i 1848. 182. Annual, puberulent ; stem stout, simple or branch- ed, i-2 high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong -lan- ceolate, mostly sharply serrate or serrulate, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, i'-3' long, 2"-6" wide ; flower-clusters axillary and terminal, several or numerous ; bracts pale, usually grayish or brownish, gradually awned at the tip ; calyx- tube nearly glabrous, the throat densely villous, the teeth bristle-pointed, barbed, lax, nearly half as long as the tube; corolla pink or nearly white, not spotted, nearly or quite glabrous, 8"-io" long; stamens not exserted. On dry plains, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and Arizona. Prairie-bergamot. June-Sept. Monarda citriodora Cerv., of Mexico, to which this was referred in our first edition, differs by long narrow reflexed bracts and shorter calyx-teeth. Monarda tenuiaristata (A. Gray) Small [M. aris- tata Nutt., not Hook.] of the south-central States, with narrower bracts and longer plumose calyx-teeth, ranges northward into Kansas. 9. Monarda dispersa Small. Purple Lemon Monarda. Fig. 3644. M. dispersa Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1038. 1903. Annual, puberulent ; stem stout, usually branched, i-2? high. Leaves oblong-spatu- late, oblanceolate or oblong, or narrowly ob- long to linear on the upper part of the stem, i'-4i' long, shallowly serrate; flower clusters axillary and terminal, often numerous and usually conspicuous by the broad abruptly bristle-tipped purple bracts; calyx-tube longer than in M. pectinata, the teeth usually longer and more slender, fully half as long as the tube; corolla pale, usually pink, puberulent, 1 1 "-13" long; stamens mostly not exceeding the upper lip. On plains and prairies and in cultivated grounds, Missouri and Kansas to Georgia, Florida, Texas, New Mexico and adjacent Mexico. May-Aug. 25. BLEPHILIA Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 98. 1819. Perennial hirsute or pubescent erect herbs, with axillary and terminal dense glomerules of rather small purplish or bluish flowers, or the glomerules in terminal more or less inter- rupted spikes. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, not villous in the throat, 2-lipped, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-toothed, the teeth all aristate or those of the lower lip subulate. Corolla glabrous within, the tube expanded above, the limb 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, entire ; lower lip 3-lobed, the notched middle lobe narrower than the lateral ones. Anther-bearing (anterior) stamens 2, ascending, exserted or included; posterior stamens reduced to filiform staminodia, or none; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, somewhat confluent at the base. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, eyelash, from the fringed calyx-teeth.] Two species, natives of eastern North America. Type species : Blephilia ciliata (L.) Raf. Upper leaves lanceolate or oblong, sessile or short-petioled, slightly serrate. i. B. ciliata. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, long-petioled, sharply serrate. 2. B. hirsuta. GENUS 25. MINT FAMILY. '35 i. Blephilia ciliata (L.) Raf. Downy Ble- philia. Fig. 3645. Monarda ciliata L. Sp. PI. 23. 1753. Blephilia ciliata Raf. Journ. Phys. 89 : 98. 1819. Stem puberulent, or short-villous above, commonly simple, i-2 high. Lower leaves and those of sterile shoots ovate or oval, slender-petioled, crenate-den- ticulate, i'-2 7 long, the upper lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, short-petioled or sessile, mostly acute, longer and narrower, nearly entire; flower-clusters in a terminal spike and in the uppermost axils; outer bracts ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, usually purplish, pinnately veined, ciliate ; calyx hirsute, the teeth of the upper lip about one-third longer than those of the lower; corolla purple, villous-pubescent, S"-6" long; stamens exserted or included. In dry woods and thickets, Vermont to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama and Missouri. June-Aug. Ohio horse-mint. 2. Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Torr. Hairy Blephilia. Fig. 3646. Monarda hirsuta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 19. 1814. Blephilia nepetoides Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 98. 1819. Blephilia hirsuta Torr. Fl. U. S. 27. 1824. Stem villous-pubescent, or glabrous, usually branch- ed, ii-3 high. Leaves membranous, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, rounded, cordate or narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, slender- petioled, 2'-4' long, or the lower shorter and broader ; flower-clusters axillary, or in. a short terminal spike; outer bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long- acuminate, hirsute; calyx-tube nearly glabrous, its teeth very villous, those of the upper lip much ex- ceeding the lower; corolla pubescent, pale purple, rather conspicuously darker-spotted, 4"-5" long. In woods and thickets, Quebec and Vermont to Min- nesota, Kansas, Georgia and Texas. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. June-Sept. 26. HEDEOMA Pers. Syn. 2: 131. 1807. Annual or perennial, strongly aromatic and pungent herbs, with small entire or crenulate leaves, and small blue or purple flowers in axillary clusters, these crowded into terminal, leafy-bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, villous in the throat, the mouth mostly contracted in fruit, gibbous on the lower side at the base, or nearly terete, 2-lipped, or nearly equally 5-toothed, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, entire, emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Perfect stamens 2, ascending under the upper lip, their anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent or divaricate. Sterile stamens (staminodia) 2, minute, or none, very rarely anther-bearing. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style 2-cleft at the summit, glabrous. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, sweet smell.] About 15 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 8 others occur in the south- ern and southwestern States. Sometimes called Mock Pennyroyal. Type species here taken as Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. Teeth of the upper lip of the calyx triangular ; leaves serrate ; annual. i. H. pulegioides. Teeth of both lips of the calyx subulate ; leaves entire. Calyx-teeth all nearly equal ; annual. 2. H. hispida. Teeth of the lower lip nearly twice as long as the upper ; perennial. 3. H. longiftora. i 3 6 LABIATAE. VOL. III. i. Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. American Pennyroyal. Fig. 3647. Melissa pulegioides L. Sp. PI. 593. 1753. Cunila pulegioides L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 30. 1762. Hedeoma pulegioides Pers. Syn.- 2: 131. 1807. Annual ; stem very slender, erect, much branched, finely soft-pubescent, 6'-i8' high, the branches ascend- ing. Leaves ovate to obovate-oblong, petioled, sparingly serrate, mostly obtuse at the apex and narrowed at the base, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, thin, i'-ii' long, 2 "-8" wide, the upper smaller; clusters few-flowered, axillary, rather loose; pedicels pubescent, shorter than or equalling the calyx ; calyx pubescent, gibbous, oblong- ovoid in fruit, its 3 upper teeth triangular, acute, not exceeding the 2 subulate hispid lower ones; corolla bluish-purple, about 3" long; rudimentary stamens manifest, capitate at the summit, or rarely anther- bearing. In dry fields, Cape Breton Island to Ontario and Minne- sota, Florida, Alabama, Arkansas and Nebraska. Also called tick-weed and squaw-mint. July-Sept. 2. Hedeoma hispida Pursh. Rojigh Pennyroyal. Fig. 3648. Hedeoma hispida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 414. 1814. Hedeoma hirta Nutt. Gen. i: 16. 1818. Annual ; stem erect, branched, slender, 3'-8' high, pubescent, the branches erect-ascending, very leafy and copiously flowered. Leaves linear, entire, firm, sessile, or the lower short-petioled, blunt or subacute at the apex, narrowed at the base, more or less hispid-ciliate but otherwise mostly glabrous, i'-i' long, about i" wide, the lower much shorter and smaller ; clusters axillary, numerous, crowded, sev- eral-flowered ; pedicels pubescent, shorter than the calyx; bracts subulate, very hispid, about equalling the calyx ; calyx oblong, gibbous, hispid, its teeth all subulate, nearly equal in length, upwardly curved in fruit, about one-half as long as the tube, the 2 lower ones somewhat narrower and more hispid than the upper; corolla about 3" long, bluish-purple; sterile stamens rudimentary or none. On dry plains, Ontario and New York to Saskatche- wan, Illinois, Louisiana, Arkansas and Colorado. May-'Aug. 3. Hedeoma longiflora Rydb. Long-flowered Pennyroyal. Fig. 3649. Hedeoma longiflora Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 36: 685. 1909. Perennial from a woody base, with an ashy down nearly all over; stems much branched, slender, erect, 6'- 1 8 high, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, entire, short-petioled or sessile, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, spreading, 5"-io" long, i"-2i" wide, the lowest shorter; clusters axillary, loosely few-flowered; pedicels puberulent, about one- half as long as the calyx and equalling or longer than the subulate bracts; calyx oblong, hirsute, slightly gibbous, its teeth all subulate, upwardly curved and connivent in fruit, the 2 lower nearly twice as long as the 3 upper; corolla purple, 4-6 long; sterile stamens rudimentary or none. In dry soil, South Dakota to Nebraska, Kansas and Texas. Included, in our first edition, in H. Drummondii Benth. of the Southwest. April-Aug. GENUS 27. MINT FAMILY. '37 27. MELISSA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 592. 1753. Leafy branching herbs, with broad dentate leaves, and rather small white or yellowish axillary clustered somewhat secund flowers. Calyx oblong-campanulate, deflexed in fruit, 13-nerved, nearly naked in the throat, 2-lipped; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-parted. Corolla exserted, its tube curved-ascending, enlarged above, naked within, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, emarginate; lower lip 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, connivent and ascending under the upper lip of the corolla ; anthers 2-celled, their sacs divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style 2-cleft at the summit, the lobes subulate. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, bee.] About 4 species, natives of Europe and western Asia, the following typical. i. Melissa officinalis L. Garden or Lemon Balm. Bee-balm. Fig. 3650. Melissa officinalis L. Sp. PI. 592. 1753. Perennial, pubescent; stem rather stout, erect or ascending, i-2i high. Leaves ovate, petioled, mostly obtuse at both ends, sometimes cordate, pinnately veined, coarsely dentate or crenate- dentate, \'-2\' long; flowers several in the axil- lary clusters; pedicels shorter than the calyx; calyx about 3" long, the teeth of its lower lip slightly exceeding those of the upper; corolla white, 5 "-7" long. In waste places, thickets and woods, Maine to Georgia, West Virginia, Missouri and Arkansas, also in Oregon and California. Naturalized from Europe. Plant lemon-scented. Balm-leaf or -mint. Honey-plant. Pimentary. Goose-tongue. Dropsy- plant. Lemon-lobelia. Sweet-mary. June-Aug. 28. SATUREIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 567. 1753. Herbs or shrubs, with small entire leaves, sometimes with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, and bracted purple flowers in dense terminal or axillary clusters. Calyx campanulate, mostly lo-nerved, 5-toothed, naked or rarely villous in the throat. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, flat, entire or emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, connivent under the upper lip of the corolla ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel or divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets oblong or oval. [The classical Latin name of the plant.] About 1 8 species, the following typical one intro- duced as a garden herb from Europe, one of doubt- ful affinity in Florida, the others of the Mediterra- nean region. i. Satureia hortensis L. Savory. Sum- mer Savory. Fig. 3651. Satureia hortensis L. Sp. PI. 568. 1753. Annual, puberulent ; stems erect, slender, much branched, 6'-i8' high. Leaves linear or linear- oblong, short-petioled, entire, acute at both ends, i'-ii' long, i "-2" wide; clusters 3"-5" in diam- eter, terminal and in many of the upper axils; bracts linear, small, minute, or wanting; calyx about equalling the corolla-tube, somewhat pu- bescent, its teeth subulate, about as long as the tube, ciliate ; corolla little longer than the calyx ; stamens scarcely exserted. In waste places, New Brunswick and Ontario to Kentucky, west to Nevada. Naturalized or ad- ventive from Europe. July-Sept. 138 LABIATAE. VOL. III. 29. CLINOPODIUM L. Sp. PI. 587. 1753. [CALAMINTHA Moench, Meth. 408. 1794.] Herbs, or low shrubs, with entire or sparingly dentate leaves, and rather large flowers variously clustered. Calyx tubular or oblong, mostly gibbous at the base, about 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked or villous in the throat, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla usually expanded at the throat, the tube straight, mostly longer than the calyx, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, somewhat con- nivent in pairs, the longer mostly exserted; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent or divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style glabrous, 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, bed-foot, the flowers likened to a bed-castor.] About 60 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 4 others occur in the southeastern United States and in California. The genus has been included in Satureia by authors. Type species : Clinopodium vulgar e L. * Flower-clusters dense, axillary and terminal, setaceous-bracted. i. C.vulgare. ** Flower-clusters loose, axillary, or forming terminal thyrses; bracts small. Plants pubescent ; introduced species. Clusters peduncled ; calyx not gibbous ; upper leaves very small ; perennial. 2. C. Nepeta. Clusters sessile ; calyx very gibbous ; plant leafy, annual. 3. C. Acinos. Plants glabrous ; native species. Leaves linear or the lower spatulate, entire ; corolla 4" long. 4. C. glabrum. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate; corolla 6"-j" long. 5. C.glabellum. i. Clinopodium vulgare L. Field or Wild Basil. Basil-weed. Fig. 3652. Clinopodium vulgare L. Sp. PI. 587. 1753. Melissa Clinopodium Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 393. 1834. Calamintha Clinop. Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 233. 1848. Perennial by short creeping stolons, hirsute; stem slender, erect from an ascending base, usually branch- ed, sometimes simple, i-2 high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, petioled, obtuse or acutish, entire, undulate or crenate-dentate, rounded, truncate or sometimes narrowed at the base, thin, i'-2i' long; flowers in dense axillary and terminal capitate clus- ters about i' in diameter; bracts setaceous, hirsute- ciliate, usually as long as the calyx-tube; calyx pu- bescent, somewhat gibbous, the setaceous teeth of its lower lip rather longer than the broader ones of the upper ; corolla purple, pink, or white, little ex- ceeding the calyx-teeth. In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to North Caro- lina, Tennessee, Minnesota and Manitoba, in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and Arizona. Ascends to 4000 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe and Asia. Stone- basil. Bed's-foot. Field- or horse-thyme. Dog-mint. June-Oct. 2. Clinopodium Nepeta (L.) Kuntze. Field Balm. Field or Lesser Calamint. Basil-thyme. Fig. 3653. Melissa Nepeta L. Sp. PI. 593. 1753. Cal. Nepeta Link & Hoffmansg. Fl. Port, i: 14. 1809. Clinopodium Nepeta Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 515. 1891. Satureia Nepeta Scheele, Flora 26: 577. 1843. Perennial by a woody root and short rootstocks, villous or pubescent; stem rather stout, at length much branched, the branches nearly straight, ascend- ing. Leaves broadly ovate, petioled, obtuse or acute, crenulate with few low teeth, rounded or narrowed at the base, the lower i'-i' long, the upper much smaller and bract-like; flowers few in the numerous loose peduncled axillary cymes, forming an almost naked elongated thyrsus; bracts very small, linear; calyx not gibbous, villous in the throat, about li" long, the teeth of its lower lip twice as long as those of the upper; corolla light purple 01 almost white, about 4" long. In fields and waste places, Maryland to South Caro- lina, Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky and Arkansas. Ber- muda. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Sept. GENUS 29. MINT FAMILY. 139 Clinopodium Calamintha (L.) Kuntze, the cala- mint of the Old World, with larger leaves and flow- ers, admitted into our first edition, is not known in the wild state within our area. 3. Clinopodium Acinos (L.) Kuntze. Basil-thyme. Basil Balm. Fig. 3654. Thymus Acinos L. Sp. PI. 591. 1753. Melissa Acinos Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 389. 1834. Cal. Acinos Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 230. 1848. Clin. Acinos Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 513. 1891. Annual, pubescent; stems branched from the base, very slender, 6'-8' high. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, petioled, acutish at both ends or the lower obtuse, crenulate or entire, 4"-8" long ; flowers about 6 in the axils, the clusters sessile ; bracts shorter than the pedicels ; calyx gibbous on the lower side, rough-hairy, longer than its pedicel, contracted at the throat, its subu- late teeth somewhat unequal in length; corolla purplish, i-2 times as long as the calyx. In waste places, Ontario to Massachusetts and New Jersey. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Mother-of-thyme. Polly mountain. May-Aug. 4. Clinopodium glabrum (Nutt.) Kuntze. Low Calamint or Bed's-foot. Fig. 3655. Hedeoma glabra Nutt. Gen. i : 16. 1818. Cal. Nuttallii Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12 : 230. 1848. Calamintha glabella var. Nuttallii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 307. 1856. Clin. glabrum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 515. 1891. Perennial, glabrous, stoloniferous; stem very slender, at length much branched, erect or as- cending, 4'-i2' high. Leaves of the flowering branches linear, entire, very short-petioled or sessile, mostly obtuse at the apex, obscurely veined, 4"-o/ long, i"-i" wide, the margins slightly revolute ; lower leaves and those of the stolons shorter and broader, distinctly petioled ; flowers 1-4 in the axils; bracts minute; pedicels filiform, mostly longer than the calyx ; calyx not gibbous, its throat pubescent in a ring within, its lower teeth somewhat longer than the upper; corolla purple, about 4" long. On rocks and banks, Ontario to western New York, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Arkansas and Texas. May-Aug. 5. Clinopodium glabellum (Michx.) Kuntze. Slender Calamint or Bed's- foot. Fig. 3656. Cunila glabella Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 13. 1803. Calamintha glabella Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12 : 230. Clin. glabellum Kuntze. Rev. Gen. PI. 515. 1891. Perennial, stoloniferous, glabrous; stems weak, spreading or decumbent, at length freely branched, elongated, slender, 8'-2 long. Leaves membranous, oblong, short-petioled, obtuse or the uppermost subacute at the apex, narrowed to a cuneate base, distinctly serrate with low teeth, i'-2' long, 2"-8" wide, the lowest and those of the stolons sometimes proportionately broader and shorter; axils 2-5-flowered ; pedi- cels filiform, commonly twice as long as the calyx ; bracts minute ; calyx not gibbous, its throat pubescent in a ring within, its teeth nearly equal ; corolla purplish, 6"~7" long. On river banks, Indiana to Kentucky, Tennes- see and Arkansas. May-July. 140 LABIATAE. VOL. III. 3 o. HYSSOPUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 569. 1753. A perennial erect herb, the stem somewhat woody at the base, with narrow, entire leaves, and small bracted purple or blue flowers, in dense clusters in the upper axils, and forming elongated terminal more or less interrupted spikes. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, about equally 5-toothed, not hairy in the throat. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe 2-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, the 2 longer ones exserted, divergent ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, somewhat 3-sided, nearly smooth. [Greek, an aromatic herb.] A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia. i. Hyssopus officinalis L. - 3657. Hyssop. Hyssopus officinalis L. Sp. PI. 569. 1753. Stems usually several together from the woody base, slender, strict, puberulent, simple or branch- ed, i-3 high, the branches upright or ascend- ing. Leaves linear to oblong, sessile or very nearly so, firm, acute at both ends or the lower obtuse at the apex, puberulent or glabrate, faintly veined, ii'-2' long, i"-3" wide, sometimes with smaller ones or short leafy branches in their axils ; spike sometimes i-sided, dense, \'-\' broad ; pedicels short, puberulent ; outer bracts as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, one- fourth to one-third as long as the tube; corolla 4"-S" long, its tube exceeding the calyx. Along roadsides and in waste places, Ontario and Maine to North Carolina, and on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept. 31. ORIGANUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 588. 1753. Perennial branching herbs, some species shrubby, with rather small crenate-dentate or entire leaves, and small bracted pink or purple flowers, in dense terminal glomerules. Calyx ovoid or campanulate, villous in the throat, about 13-nerved, 5-toothed or more or less 2-lipped. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower longer, spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent. Style 2-cleft at the summit; ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid or oblong, smooth. [Greek, mountain- joy.] About 30 species, natives of the Old World, the following typical. i. Origanum vulgare L. Wild Marjoram. Winter Sweet. Organy. Fig. 3658. Origanum vulgare L. Sp. PI. 590. 1753. Perennial from nearly horizontal rootstocks, villous or hirsute; stem erect, slender, i-2j high. Leaves ovate, petioled, obtuse or subacute at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, crenate or entire, i'-ii' long, often with smaller ones, or short leafy branches, in their axils; flower-clusters often 2' broad; bracts pur- plish, ovate or oval, about equalling the nearly regularly 5-toothed calyx; corolla pink, purple or nearly white, longer than the calyx, the upper lobe broad; all four stamens, or the two longer, exserted. In fields and waste places, Ontario to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Called also organs, pot-marjoram. July-Sept. GENUS 32. MINT FAMILY. 141 32. THYMUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 590. 1753. Perennial herbs, or low shrubby creeping plants, with small mostly entire leaves, and small purple flowers clustered in terminal glomerules, or in the axils of the leaves. Calyx ovoid, villous in the throat, io-13-nerved, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect-spreading, 3-toothed, the lower 2-toothed, its teeth long and slender. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, more or less didynamous, mostly ex- serted ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel or divergent. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style 2-clef t at the summit. Nutlets ovoid or oblong, smooth. [Greek, incense.] About 50 species, natives of the Old World, mostly European. Type species : Thymus vulgaris L. i. Thymus Serpyllum L. Wild or Creeping Thyme. Mother of Thyme. Fig. 3659. Thymus Serpyllum L. Sp. PI. 590. 1753. Stems more or less pubescent in lines, very slender, procumbent, tough, much branched, 4'-i2' long, com- monly forming dense mats. Leaves oblong or ovate- oblong, petioled, obtuse at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, entire, glabrous, or sometimes ciliate, 2"-s" long ; bracts similar to the leaves, but smaller ; flowers numerous in verticillate clusters crowded in dense short terminal spikes, or also in the upper axils ; calyx dis- tinctly 2-lipped, the tube usually pubescent and the teeth ciliate; corolla longer than the calyx. In thickets, woods, and along roadsides, Nova Scotia to southern New York and North Carolina. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Sept. Old English names, brotherwort, hillwort, penny-mountain, shepherd's- thyme. 33. KOELLIA Moench, Meth. 407. 1794. [BRACHYSTEMON and PYCNANTHEMUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 5, 7. 1803.] Perennial erect, mostly branched, glabrous cinereous canescent or pubescent herbs, with small white or purple-dotted flowers, in terminal or sometimes also axillary capitate glom- erules or cymose clusters. Calyx ovoid, oblong or tubular, io-13-nerved, equally or more or less unequally 5-toothed, not villous in the throat, the 2 upper teeth sometimes united below. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip emarginate or entire, the lower 3-cleft, its lobes obtuse. Stamens 4, didynamous, nearly equal, or the lower pair a little longer; anther-sacs parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style slender. Nutlets smooth, pubescent, or roughened. [Named for J. L. C. Koelle, a German botanist of the eighteenth century.] About 17 species, natives of North r America. Besides the following, i occurs in California and several in the Southern States. Type species : Koellia capitata Moench. Mostly very fragrant. Sometimes called Basil, the proper name of Calamint or Ocymum. * Leaves prevailingly linear, linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. Calyx-teeth ovate-triangular, acute, one-fourth as long as the tube. i. K. virginiana. Calyx-teeth subulate, lance-subulate or bristle-tipped. Leaves linear or lanceolate ; calyx-teeth subulate or lanceolate. Leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire. 2. K. flexuosa. Leaves lanceolate, entire, or usually serrate. Bracts appressed, erect ; clusters dense. Hirsute or pilose; leaves mainly entire. 3. K.pilosa. Puberulent, short-pubescent, or glabrate ; leaves mostly denticulate. 4. K. verticillata. Bracts spreading; clusters loose. 5. K. clinopodioides. Leaves oblong to linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute ; calyx-teeth awn-like. 6. K. hyssopifolia. ** Leaves prevailingly ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate. Calyx-teeth bristle-tipped or subulate. Bracts appressed; clusters dense; calyx-teeth bristle-pointed. Bracts spreading ; clusters loose ; calyx-teeth subulate. Calyx-teeth about one-half as long as the tube. Calyx-teeth as long as the tube. Calyx-teeth triangular, triangular-lanceolate or lanceolate. Bracts spreading ; clusters loose ; calyx-teeth short. Bracts appressed ; clusters dense. Bracts canescent ; leaves firm, acute. Bracts ciliate or villous ; leaves membranous, acuminate. 7. K. aristata. 8. K. incana. g. K. pycnanthemoides. 10. K. albescens. U.K. mutica. 12. K. montana. 142 LABIATAE. VOL. III. i. Koellia virginiana (L.) MacM. Virginia Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3660. Satureja virginiana L. Sp. PI. 567. 1753. P. lanceolatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 409. 1814. Koellia virginiana MacM. Met. Minn. 452. 1892. Stem strict, rather stout, glabrous or pubescent, i-3 high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo- late, fragrant, very short-petioled or sessile, firm, entire, acuminate at the apex, glabrous or some- what puberulent beneath, or the uppermost densely canescent, i'-2 r long, 2"-$" wide, often with short leafy branches in their axils; glomerules dense, 4"-6" in diameter, terminal, corymbed, canescent; bracts appressed, rigid, acute, acuminate or subu- late-tipped, not exceeding the clusters; calyx cylindraceous, or expanded above, canescent, its teeth triangular-ovate, equal or nearly so, acute, little longer than wide, about one-fourth as long as the tube ; corolla pubescent without, purple- spotted, its tube longer than the calyx. In dry fields and thickets, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama and Kansas. Virginia or mountain thyme. Prairie-hyssop. Penny- royal. Basil. July-Sept. 2. Koellia flexuosa (Walt.) MacM. Narrow-leaved Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3661. Satureja Thyinus virginicus L. Mant. 2: 409. 1771. Not 5". Virginia a L. 1753. Origanum flexuosum Walt. Fl. Car. 165. 1788. Koellia capiiata Moench, Meth. 408. 1794. Pycnanthemum linifolium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 409. 1814. P. flexuosum B.S.P. Prel. Cat. U. S. 42. 1888. Koellia flexuosa MacM. Met. Minn. 452. 1892. Stem slender, stiff, nearly glabrous throughout, \\-2\ high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, glabrous or the uppermost puberulent, sessile, or the lower very short-petioled, i'-2' long, i"-ii" wide, rather firm, often with short leafy branches in their axils; glomerules dense, terminal, corymbed, 3" -5" broad, canescent; bracts ap- pressed, acuminate, or subulate-tipped, not longer than the clusters ; calyx cylindraceous, canescent, its teeth subu- late and rigid, equal or nearly so, 3-4 times longer than broad, about one-third as long as the tube; corolla-tube longer than the calyx. In fields and thickets, Maine to Florida, New York, Minne- sota, Kansas and Texas. Little fragrant. July-Sept. 3. Koellia pilosa (Nutt.) Britton. Hairy Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3662. Pycnanthemum pilosum Nutt. Gen. 2: 33. 1818. Pycnanthemum mulicum var. pilosum A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 355. 1878. Koellia pilosa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 279. 1894. Pubescent, at least above, i-2* high. Leaves lanceolate, very short-petioled or sessile, entire or very sparingly denticulate, i'-2' long, 3"-6" wide, firm, acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, commonly with smaller ones, or short leafy shoots in their axils ; glomerules dense, numerous, terminal, villous or hirsute-canescent, about 4" in diameter; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, equalling or exceeding the clusters ; calyx cylindraceous, narrow, canescent, its teeth lanceolate-subulate, equal, often ciliate, about 3 times as long as wide and one-fourth the length of the tube; corolla pubescent, its tube little longer than the calyx; stamens exserted. On prairies and in dry woods, Ontario to Pennsyl- vania, Georgia, Iowa, Kansas and Arkansas. July-Sept. Koellia leptodon (A. Gray) Small, of the North Carolina mountains, with bristly-ciliate calyx- teeth, is recorded as extending to Ohio and Missouri. GENUS 33. MINT FAMILY. 4. Koellia verticillata (Michx.) Kuntze. Torrey's Mountain-Mint. Fig. Brachystemon verticillatutn Michx. Fl. Bor. Arfl. 2 : 6. pi. 31. 1803. P. Torreyi Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 329. 1834. Koellia verticillata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891. Puberulent, glabrate or pubescent ; stem slender, i-2i high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate (rarely ovate-lanceolate), short-petioled or sessile, serrulate or entire, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, i'-3' long, 3"-io" wide, the upper- most sometimes canescent; flower-clusters dense, canescent, $"-6" broad, terminal, corymbose and commonly also in some of the upper axils; bracts appressed, lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, equalling or longer than the clusters ; calyx canescent, its teeth subulate or lance-subulate, ciliate, 2-3 times as long as wide, one-fourth to one-third as long as the tube; corolla pubescent, its tube rather ex- ceeding the calyx. In dry fields and thickets, Vermont to Virginia, west to Missouri. July-Sept. 5. Koellia clinopodioides (T. & G.) Kuntze. Basil Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3664. Pycnanthemum clinopodioides T. & G. ; A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 42: 45. 1842. Koellia clinopodioides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891. Pubescent or puberulent ; stem slender, i-2| high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rather thin, short-petioled, sharply serrate, or the upper entire, ii'-3' long, 5"-i2" wide, none of them canescent; flower-clusters loose, terminal and axillary, about i' broad ; bracts linear-acuminate or subulate-tipped, not exceeding the clusters, some or all of them spreading; calyx finely canescent or glabrate, its teeth subulate, sometimes with a few long hairs, slightly unequal, about one-third the length of the tube; corolla-tube longer than the calyx. In dry soil, Connecticut to Pennsylvania, Virginia and Tennessee. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Aug.-Sept. 6. Koellia hyssopifolia (Benth.) Britton. Hyssop Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3665. P. hyssopifolium Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 329. 1834. Pycnanthemum aristatum var. hyssopifolium A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part i, 354. 1878. K. hyssopifolia Britton, Mem. 1 orr. Club 5 : 279. 1894. Puberulent or glabrate ; stem slender, stiff, i-3 high. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong, or lanceolate- oblong, short-petioled, or the upper sessile, obtuse or subacute at the apex, narrowed at the base, entire or denticulate, i'-ii' long, 2"-6" wide, glabrous or minutely canescent; flower-clusters dense, minutely canescent, not at all villous, ter- minal, and usually also in the upper axils, often i' broad ; bracts linear-oblong, narrowed at each end, terminated by an awn almost as long as the body ; calyx cylindraceous, glabrous or very nearly so, prominently nerved, its teeth bristle-pointed, slightly widened below, nearly as long as the tube ; corolla-tube not longer than calyx. In dry soil, Virginia to Florida. June-Aug. LABIATAE.' VOL. III. 7. Koellia aristata (Michx.) Kuntze. Awned Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3666. Pyc. aristatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 8. pi. 33. 1803. Koellia aristata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891. Similar to the preceding species; stem slender, stiff, minutely canescent, i i-2i high. Leaves ovate, or some of them ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled, sharply serrate, serrulate, or the upper entire, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, i'-2' long, 4" '-12" wide, the uppermost usually minutely canescent ; inflorescence as in the preceding species ; bracts long- awned, appressed, the awn about one-third the length of the body; calyx canescent, its teeth equal, bristle- pointed, widened below, one-third to one-half as long as the tube; corolla-tube about equalling the calyx. In dry pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Louisi- ana, mostly near the coast. Wild basil. July-Sept. 8. Koellia incana (L.) Kuntze. Hoary Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3667. Clinopodium incanum L. Sp. PI. 588. 1753. Pycnanthemum incanum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 7. 1803. Koellia incana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891. Stem pubescent, or glabrous below, stout, li-3 high. Leaves thin, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, peti- oled, acute at the apex, sharply serrate or serrulate, white-canescent beneath, puberulent or glabrous above, ii'-3' long, i'-ii' wide, or the uppermost smaller and sometimes canescent on both sides ; clusters loose, terminal and in the upper axils, i'-i$' broad, canescent, the flowers sometimes secund on their branches; bracts linear, or the outer broader, canescent or slightly villous, spreading, mostly shorter than the clusters ; calyx canescent, slightly 2-lipped, its teeth subulate, somewhat unequal, the longer one- fourth to one-half as long as the tube, rarely villous; corolla-tube equalling or longer than the calyx. Dry thickets and hillsides, Maine to Ontario, Florida, Alabama and Missouri. Calamint. Wild basil. Aug.-Oct. 9. Koellia pycnanthemoides (Leavenw.) Kuntze. Southern Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3668. Tullia pycnanthemoides Leavenw. Am. Journ. Sci. 20 : 343- PL 5- 1830. P. Tullia Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 328. 1834. K. pycnanthemoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891. P. pycnanthemoides Fernald, Rhodora 10: 86. 1908. Stem rather stout, pubescent nearly to the base, 2-3 high. Leaves membranous, petioled, mostly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, pubescent beneath, puberulent or glabrate and dark green above, ii'~3i' long, i'-ij' wide, the lower green, the upper smaller and white-canescent on both sides; clusters loose, villous and canescent, terminal and axillary, i'-2' broad, the flowers often secund ; bracts linear-oblong, acuminate or subulate-tipped, villous, spreading; calyx-teeth very unequal, subu- late, villous, the longer about equalling the tube; corolla-tube not exceeding the calyx. In dry woods and on hills, Virginia to Georgia, Ken- tucky and Tennessee. Calamint. July-Sept. GENUS 33. MINT FAMILY. 45 10. Koellia albescens (T. & G.) Kuntze. White-leaved Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3669. P. albescens T. & G. ; A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 42: 45- 1842. Koellia albescens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891. Stem slender, soft-pubescent nearly to the base. i-2 high. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, peti- oled, acute or subacuminate at the apex, narrowed or sometimes rounded at the base, sharply serrate or nearly entire, i'-2i' long, i'-ii' wide, white- canescent beneath, green above, or the upper canes- cent on both sides ; clusters loose, terminal and axillary, densely canescent, not at all villous, at length about i' broad; bracts linear, or the outer broader, spreading, sometimes exceeding the clus- ters; calyx densely canescent, its teeth triangular, obtuse or acute, slightly unequal, one-fifth to one- fourth as long as the tube; corolla-tube longer than the calyx. In dry woods and thickets, southern Virginia to Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida and Texas. July-Sept. ii. Koellia mutica (Michx.) Britton. Short- toothed Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3670. Brachystemon muticum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 6. pi. 32. 1803. Koellia mutica Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 4: 145. 1894. Stem stiff, puberulent, or glabrous below, i-2$ high. Leaves short-petioled or sessile, strongly veined, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, acute at the apex, rounded or sometimes subcordate at the base, sharply serrate or serrulate, ii'-3' long, i'-ij' wide, the lower mostly glabrous, the uppermost white-canescent on both sides, much smaller; flower-clusters capitate, dense, ter- minal, corymbose, often also in the upper axils, pubes- cent or canescent, 4"-6" broad ; bracts appressed, lan- ceolate-subulate or the outer broader; calyx pubescent, its teeth nearly equal, triangular-ovate or triangular- lanceolate, not much longer than wide, about one-fifth as long as the tube; corolla-tube exceeding the calyx. In sandy soil, Maine to Virginia and Florida, west to Pennsylvania and Missouri. Calamint. July-Sept. 12. Koellia montana (Michx.) Kuntze. Thin- leaved Mountain-Mint. Fig. 3671. Pycnanthemum montanum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 8. 1803. Monardella montana Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 331. 1834. Koellia montana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891. Stem slender, glabrous or nearly so throughout, 2-3 high. Leaves distinctly petioled, membranous, glabrous, ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, long-acuminate at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, 2'-$' long, i'-2' wide, none of them canescent ; flower- clusters rather dense, terminal and in the upper axils, i'-l' broad ; bracts appressed, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, not exceeding the fully developed clusters, bearded more or less with long hairs ; calyx tubular, glabrous or puberulent, or villous above, its teeth triangular- subulate, equal, one-fifth to one- fourth as long as the tube; corolla-tube longer than the calyx. In woods, mountains of southern Virginia to Georgia, Ten- nessee and Alabama. July-Sept. 34. CUNILA L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1359. 1759. Perennial branching herbs, or low shrubs, with dentate or entire leaves, and rather small, clustered, purple or white flowers. Calyx tubular-ovoid, io-13-nerved, villous in the throat, equally S-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, longer than the calyx, the upper lip erect, emar- ginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Anther-bearing stamens 2, long-exserted, straight, the 146 LABIATAE. VOL. III. posterior pair rudimentary, or wanting; anther-sacs parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style slender, 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets smooth; scar of attachment basal and small. [Latin name of some plant.] About 15 species, natives of America. The following typical species is the only one known in the United States. i. Cunila origanoides (L.) Britton. Stone Mint. Sweet Horse-Mint. American Dittany. Wild Basil. Fig. 3672. Satureia origanoides L. Sp. PI. 568. 1753. Cunila Mariana L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1359. 1759. Hedyosmos origanoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 520. 1891. Cunila origanoides Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 278. 1894. Plant very aromatic; stem slender, stiff, branched, glabrous, or pubescent at the nodes, erect, 8'-2o' high, the branches ascending. Leaves ovate, sessile or very short-petioled, acute at the apex, sharply serrate, round- ed, truncate or subcordate at the base, i'-ii' long, densely punctate ; flowers nearly \' long, numerous in terminal loose cymose clusters ; corolla purple-pink, one- half as long as the stamens; posterior pair of stamens usually rudimentary. In dry woods and thickets, southern New York to Florida, west to Ohio, Missouri, Arkansas and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 35. LYCOPUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 21. 1753. Herbs, perennial by slender stolons or suckers, with erect or diffuse stems, petioled or sessile leaves, and small white or purple flowers, bracted and 'verticillate in dense axillary clusters. Calyx campanulate, regular or nearly so, 4-5-toothed, not bearded in the throat, the teeth obtuse or acute. Corolla funnelform-campanulate to cylindric, equalling or longer than the calyx, the limb nearly equally 4-cleft, or one of the lobes broader and emarginate. Perfect stamens 2, anterior, the posterior pair rudimentary, or altogether wanting; anther- sacs parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted ; style slender, 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets truncate at the summit, narrowed below, trigonous, smooth, their margins thickened. [Greek, wolf-foot.] About 15 species of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, two or three others occur in western North America. Type species : Lycopus europaeus L. Calyx-teeth 4 or 5, ovate, shorter than the nutlets. Base of the stem not tuberous ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Base of the stem tuberous-thickened ; leaves oblong to lanceolate. Calyx-teeth mostly 5, lanceolate or subulate, longer than the nutlets. Bracts minute ; corolla twice as long as the calyx. Leaves sessile. Leaves narrowed into a manifest petiole. Bracts lanceolate or subulate ; corolla not twice as long as the calyx. Leaves pinnatifid or deeply incised. Leaves merely coarsely dentate or serrate (lower rarely incised). Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate. 6. L. asper. Leaves ovate, coarsely dentate. 7. L. europaeus. i. Lycopus virginicus L. Bugle- weed. Bugle- wort. Fig. 3673. Lycopus virginicus L. Sp. PI. 21. 1753. Perennial by long filiform leafy stolons, glabrous or puberulent; stem slender, erect or ascending, simple or branched, 6'-2 high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sharply dentate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, petioled, or the upper sessile, dark green or purple, 1^-3' long, i'-ii' wide; bracts short, oblong; calyx-teeth 4, or sometimes 5, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, obtuse or subacute; corolla about i" broad, narrow, nearly twice as long as the calyx, or longer ; rudimentary posterior stamens minute; nutlets longer than or about equalling the calyx. In wet soil, New Hampshire to Florida, Alabama, Mis- souri and Nebraska. Northern Asia. Sometimes called wood betony. July-Sept. 1. L. virginicus. 2. L. uniflorus. 3. L. sessilifolius. 4. L. rubellus. 5. L. americanus. GENUS 35. MINT FAMILY 2, Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Northern Bugle-weed. Fig. 3674. Lycopus uniflorus Michx. FI. Bor. Am. i: 14. 1803. Lycopus communis Bicknell, Britton Man. 803. 1901. Green or sometimes purplish, mostly less pu- berulent than L. virginiciis; stems rather slender, simple or sparingly branched, 4'-2 tall, rather acutely angled, tuberous at the base, the stolons rarely tuber-bearing. Leaves oblong or oblong- lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, ser- rate, f'-3f long, sessile or nearly so; calyx-teeth 4 or 5, triangular, ovate or ovate-oblong, rather obtuse; corolla about il" long, less than twice as long as the calyx; rudimentary posterior stamens obsolete or minute; nutlets about as long as the calyx, oblique at the apex. In low grounds, Newfoundland to British Colum- bia, North Carolina, Nebraska and Oregon. Sum- mer and fall. Lycopus membranaceus Bicknell, with thinner, often coarsely-toothed, longer-petioled and larger leaves, appears to be a race of this species. 3. Lycopus sessilifolius A. Gray. Sessile- leaved Water Hoarhound. Fig. 3675. Lycopus europaeus var. sessilifolius A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 345. 1867. Lycopus sessilifolius A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 285. 1870. Glabrous, or puberulent above, tuberiferous, per- ennial by stolons and suckers; stem simple, or at length branched, erect, i-2 high. Leaves ovate- lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, closely sessile, acute or acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate, some- what narrowed at the base, i'-2' long; bracts very small, acute; calyx-teeth usually 5, subulate, rigid, nearly as long as the tube ; corolla twice as long as the calyx; rudimentary posterior stamens oval ; nut- lets shorter than the calyx. In wet soil, eastern Massachusetts to Florida and Mississippi, near the coast. Aug.-Oct. 4. Lycopus rubellus Moench. Stalked Water Hoarhound. Fig. 3676. Lycopus rubellus Moench, Meth. Suppl. 146. 1802. Lycopus europaeus var. integrifolius A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 346. 1867. Glabrous or minutely puberulent, perennial by leafy stolons ; stem erect or ascending, simple or at length freely branched, i-3 high. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, or narrower, acumi- nate at the apex, usually dentate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 2'-5' long, -\ wide, usually tapering into a conspicuous petiole ; bracts mi- nute, acute or acuminate; calyx-teeth triangular- subulate, herbaceous, one-half as long as the tube or more ; corolla longer than the calyx ; rudimentary posterior stamens oval or oblong ; nutlets much shorter than the calyx. In wet soil, southern Vermont to Florida, Minne- sota, Arkansas and Louisiana. Gipsywort. July- Oct. LABIATAE. VOL. III. 5. Lycopus americanus Muhl. Cut-leaved Water Hoarhound. Fig. 3677. L. americanus Muhl.; Bart. Fl. Phil. Prodr. 15. 1815. Lycopus sinuatus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. i : 26. 1817. Lycopaeus europaeus var. sinuatus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 346. 1867. Puberulent or glabrous, perennial by suckers ; stem stiff, erect, simple or branched, i-2 high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, petioled, acuminate at the apex, incised, pinna- tifid or the uppermost merely serrate, 2'-4' long ; bracts subulate, the outer ones sometimes exceed- ing the calyx ; calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, cuspidate, rigid ; corolla little exceeding the ca- lyx; rudimentary posterior stamens thickened at their tips; nutlets much shorter than the calyx. In wet soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Florida, Texas, Utah and California. Gipsy- wort. Bitter bugle. Paul's-betony. June-Oct. 6. Lycopus asper Greene. Western Water Hoarhound. Fig. 3678. Lycopus asper Greene, Pittonia 3 : 339. 1898. Lycopus lucidus var. americanus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 286. 1870. Pubescent or glabrate, perennial by stolons; stem usually stout, erect, strict, leafy, simple, or some- times branched, i-3 high. Leaves oblong-lanceo- late, acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, sessile, or very short-petioled, 2'-6' long, i'-i' wide, sharply serrate with acute ascending teeth; bracts ovate or lanceolate, acuminate-subulate, the outer ones often as long as the flowers ; calyx-teeth 3, subulate-lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube ; corolla little longer than the calyx ; rudimentary stamens slender, thickened at the tips; nutlets much shorter than the calyx. In wet soil, Michigan to Kansas, west to Manitoba, British Columbia, California and Arizona. Regarded in the first edition of this work as the same as L. lucidus Turcz. of NW. America and NE. Asia. July-Sept. 7. Lycopus europaeus L. Water or Marsh Hoarhound. Gipsy-wort. Gipsy-herb. Fig. 3679. Lycopits europaeus L. Sp. PI. 21. 1753. Puberulent or pubescent, perennial by suckers; stems stout, at length widely branched, \-2\ high. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, or oblong- lanceolate, short-petioled, or the upper sometimes sessile, coarsely dentate, or the lower incised at the base, i'-3' long, i'-i' wide; bracts subulate- lanceolate, the outer shorter than or equalling the flowers ; calyx-teeth subulate-spinulose ; co- rolla scarcely longer than the calyx ; rudimentary posterior stamens obsolete; nutlets shorter than the calyx. In waste places, Massachusetts to Virginia. Natu- ralized from Europe. Green archangel. Bitter bugle- weed. July-Sept. 36. MENTHA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753. Erect or diffuse odorous herbs, with simple sessile or petioled mostly punctate leaves, and small whorled purple pink or white flowers, the whorls axillary or in terminal dense or interrupted spikes. Calyx campanulate to tubular, lo-nerved, regular, or slightly 2-lipped, GENUS 36. MINT FAMILY. 149 5-toothed. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx, the limb 4-cleft, somewhat irregular, the posterior lobe usually somewhat broader than the others, entire or emarginate. Stamens 4, equal, erect, included or exserted, sometimes imperfect; filaments glabrous; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel. Ovary 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Name used by Theophrastus ; from the nymph Minthe.] About 30 species, natives of the north temperate zone. The more or less characteristic odors of the species change during the progress of the life of the plant. Type species : Mentha spicata L. * Whorls of flowers in terminal spikes, or some in the upper axils. Plants glabrous or very nearly so. Spikes slim, narrow, mostly interrupted ; leaves sessile, or nearly so. Spikes thick, mostly dense, at first short ; leaves petioled. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute. Leaves ovate, obtuse, or the upper acute, subcordate. Plants villous, hirsute or canescent, at least at the nodes. Spikes slim or narrow, often interrupted. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute. Leaves elliptic or ovate-oblong, obtuse, reticulated beneath. Spikes thick (6"), dense, elongated or short. Leaves sessile ; spikes i'-3' long ; plant canescent. Leaves distinctly petioled, or the uppermost sessile ; spikes short. Leaves simply serrate. Leaves mostly incised, the margins crisped and wavy. ** Whorls of flowers all axillary. Upper leaves much smaller than the lower. Upper leaves not conspicuously reduced. Stem pubescent. Leaves rounded or obtuse at the base. Leaves narrowed, mostly cuneate at the base. Stem glabrous or nearly so. 1 . M. spicata. 2. M. piperita. 3. M. citrata. 4. M. longifolia. 5. M. rotundifolia. 6. M. alopecuroides. j. M. aqua tic a. 8. M. crips a. g. M. Cardiaca. 10. M. arvensis. 11. M. canadensis. 12. M. gentilis. i. Mentha spicata L. Spearmint. Lamb or Common Mint. Our Lady's Mint. Fig. 3680. Mentha spicata L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753. Mentha spicata var. viridis L. loc. cit. 1753. Mentha viridis L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 804. 1763. Glabrous, perennial by leafy stolons ; stem erect, branched, i-ii high. Leaves lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, sharply serrate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the largest about 2^' long; whorls of flowers in terminal narrow acute usually interrupted spikes, which become 2' -4' long in fruit, the one terminating the stem surpassing the lateral ones; bracts subulate-lanceolate, ciliate, some of them usually longer than the flowers ; calyx cam- panulate, its teeth hirsute or glabrate, subulate, nearly as long as the tube ; corolla glabrous. In moist fields or waste places, Nova Scotia to On- tario, Minnesota, Washington, Florida, Texas and Cali- fornia. Naturalized from Europe. Also in Bermuda. Native also of Asia. Garden-, brown- or mackerel-mint. Sage-of-bethlehem. July-Sept. 2. Mentha piperita L. Peppermint. Fig. 3681. Mentha piperita L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753. Perennial by subterranean suckers ; stems glabrous, mostly erect, branched, i-3 high. Leaves lanceo- late, petioled, dark green, acute at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, rather firm, sharply serrate, glabrous on both sides, or pubescent on the veins beneath, the larger ii'-3' long, x'-ii' wide; whorls of flowers in terminal dense or interrupted spikes, which are thick and obtuse, and become i'-3' long in fruit, the middle one at length overtopped by the lateral ones ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, not longer than the flowers, or the lower occasionally folia- ceous ; calyx tubular-campanulate, glabrous below, its teeth subulate, ciliate, one-half as long as the tube or more; corolla glabrous; style occasionally 3-cleft. In wet soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Tennessee and ; Arkansas. Also in California, Bermuda and Jamaica. Naturalized from Europe. Lamb- or brandy-mint. July Sept. LABIATAE. VOL. III. 3. Mentha citrata Ehrh. Bergamot Mint. Fig. 3682. Mentha citrata Ehrh. Beitr. 7: 150. 1792. Perennial by leafy stolons, glabrous throughout; stem weak, branched, decumbent or ascending, l-2 long. Leaves petioled, thin, ovate or ovate-orbicular, obtuse or the upper acute at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, sharply serrate with low teeth, the larger about 2' long, I'-iY wide; whorls of flowers in terminal dense thick obtuse spikes, and commonly also in the uppermost axils ; spikes scarcely more than i' long in fruit; calyx glabrous, its teeth subulate, one-half as long as the tube, or longer; corolla glabrous. In wet soil, Connecticut to New York, Ohio, Michigan and Missouri. Naturalized from Europe. Also in Ber- muda and Porto Rico. July-Sept. 4. Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Horse Mint. Fig. 3683. Mentha spicata var. longifolia L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753. Mentha longifolia Huds. Fl. Angl. 221. 1762. Mentha sylvestris L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 804. 1763. Perennial by suckers, canescent or puberulent nearly all over ; stems mostly erect, branched, or simple, \-2\ high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate- lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, or very short-petioled, acute at the apex, usually rounded at the base, sharply serrate, i '-3' long, \'-\y wide, sometimes glabrous above ; whorls of flowers in terminal narrow dense or interrupted acute spikes, which become 2'-$' long in fruit; bracts lanceo- late-subulate, the lower equalling or longer than the flowers ; calyx tomentose or canescent, its teeth subulate, one-half as long as the campanu- late tube; corolla puberulent. In waste places, Connecticut to Delaware, New Jer- sey and Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. Brook- or fish-mint. Water or European horse-mint. July-Oct. 5. Mentha rotundifolia (L.) Huds. Round-leaved Mint. Fig. 3684. . Mentha spicata var. rotundifolia L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753- Mentha rotundifolia Huds. Fl. Angl. 221. 1762. Perennial by leafy stolons, canescent or tomentose-puberulent, somewhat viscid ; stems ascending or erect, simple or branched, usu- ally slender, ii-2i high. Leaves elliptic, or ovate-oblong, short-petioled, or sessile and somewhat clasping by the subcordate or rounded base, obtuse at the apex, crenate- serrate with low teeth, i'-2' long, g"-is" wide, more or less rugose-reticulated be- neath; whorls of flowers in terminal dense or interrupted spikes which elongate to 2'-^' in fruit; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, com- monly shorter than the flowers; calyx-teeth setaceous, usually about one-half as long as the tube; corolla puberulent. In waste places, Maine to Florida, Ohio, Ar- kansas, Texas and Mexico. Bermuda. Pata- gonia- or apple-mint. Horse-mint. Wild mint. Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept. GENUS 36. MINT FAMILY 6. Menthaalopecuroides Hull Woolly Mint. Fig. 3685. Mentha alopecuroides Hull. Brit. Fl. 221. 1799. Perennial by suckers, white-woolly; stem stout, leafy, erect or ascending, simple or branched, ii-3 high. Leaves broadly oval, sessile, or partly clasping by a subcordate or rarely rounded base, obtuse at the apex, sharply and rather coarsely serrate, pinnately- veined, the lower 2 1 '-3' long, ii'-2' wide ; spikes rather thick, dense, stout, obtuse, 2' -3' long in fruit; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the flowers ; calyx-teeth seta- ceous, one-half as long as the campanulate tube, or more; corolla pubescent. Along roadsides, Connecticut to New Jersey, Pennsyl- vania, Wisconsin and Missouri. Naturalized . from Europe. July-Oct. 7. Mentha aquatica L. Water Mint. Fish Mint. Fig. 3686. Mentha aquatica L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753. Perennial by suckers, hirsute or pubescent, rarely glabrate; stem stout, erect, leafy, usually branched, ii-2i high, its hairs reflexed. Leaves broadly ovate, petioled, acute, subacute or the lower obtuse at the apex, rounded, subcordate or rarely narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, the larger ii'-3' long and nearly as wide; whorls of flowers in terminal dense short thick rounded spikes, and usually also in the upper axils ; spikes seldom more than i' long in fruit; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the flowers; calyx hirsute, its teeth lanceolate-subulate or tri- angular-lanceolate, one-third to one-half as long as the nearly cylindric tube; corolla sparingly pubescent. In wet places, Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania and Georgia. Naturalized from Europe. Aug.-Oct. 8. Mentha crispa L. Crisped-leaved, Curled or Cross Mint. Fig. 3687. Mentha crispa L. Sp. PI. 576. 1753. Mentha aquatica var. crispa Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 177. 1833. Sparingly pilose-pubescent at least at the nodes, petioles and veins of the lower surfaces of the leaves; stem rather weak, usually much branched, ii-3 long. Leaves distinctly peti- oled, or the uppermost sessile, ovate in out- line, mostly acute at the apex, rounded, trun- cate or subcordate at the base, their margins crisped, wavy and incised, or the uppermost merely sharply serrate ; whorls of flowers in dense thick rounded terminal spikes, which become i'-i4' long in fruit; calyx sparingly pubescent or glabrous, its teeth subulate, more than one-half as long as the campanulate tube; corolla glabrous. In swamps and roadside ditches, Connecticut to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Balm-mint. Aug.-Oct. LABIATAE. VOL. III. g. Mentha Cardiaca Gerarde. Small-leaved Mint. Fig. 3688. M ent ha Card iaca Gerarde; Baker, Journ. Bot. 2 : 245. 1865. Pubescent or glabrate, often much branched, ib s -2$ high, the upper branches ascending. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, the lower 2' -3' long, the upper much smaller, all sharply serrate; flowers whorled in the upper axils ; calyx-teeth subulate, about one-half as long as the tube. Wet grounds, mostly along rivers and streams, Nova Scotia to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and District of Colum- bia. July-Sept. ro. Mentha arvensis L. Corn Mint. Field Mint. Fig. 3689. Mentha arvensis L. Sp. PI. 577. 1753. Perennial by suckers, pubescent or glabrate; stems erect or ascending, simple or branched, 6'-2 high, slen- der. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, oval or ovate, petioled, acute at the apex or the lower obtuse, crenate-serrate with bluntish teeth, rounded at the base, i'-2i' long, i'-i' wide, the upper not much smaller than the lower; whorls of flowers all axillary, usually about equalling the petioles; calyx pubescent, campanulate, its teeth triangular, about as long as the width of their base, acute or sometimes obtuse, one-third as long as the tube. In dry waste places, New Brunswick to northern New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Florida. Also in California and Mexico. Naturalized from Europe. Lamb's- tongue. Wild pennyroyal. July-Sept. ii. Mentha canadensis L. American Wild Mint. Fig. 3690. Mentha canactensis L. Sp. PI. 577. 1753. Mentha borealis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 2. 1803. Mentha canadensis var. glabrata Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 173. 1848. Perennial by suckers; stem more or less pubes- cent with spreading or scarcely reflexed hairs, or glabrate, erect, simple, or branched, usually slen- der, 6'-2$ high. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, slender-petioled, acute at the apex, or the lower obtuse, sharply serrate, nar- rowed to a somewhat cuneate acute or obtuse base, glabrous or very sparingly pubescent, the larger 2'-$ long, $'-:' wide; whorls of flowers all axillary, often shorter than the petioles ; calyx oblong-campanulate, densely or sparingly pubes- cent all over, its teeth one- fourth to one-third as long as the tube. In moist soil, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Brit- ish Columbia, Virginia, Nebraska, New Mexico and Nevada. Consists of several races, differing in pubescence, leaf-form and size. Odor like Penny- royal. July-Oct. GENUS 36. MINT FAMILY. 12. Mentha gentilis L. Creeping or Downy Whorled Mint. Spearmint. Fig. 3691. Mentha gentilis L. Sp. PI. 577. 1753- Mentha saliva L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 805. 1763. Perennial by suckers ; stem rather stout, ascend- ing or erect, branched, glabrous or puberulent with short reflexed hairs, i-2 high. Leaves ovate or oval, short-petioled, sparingly pubescent with scattered hairs on both surfaces, often blotch- ed, pinnately veined, acute at both ends, sharply serrate, the larger i'-2' long, the upper some- times much smaller than the lower; whorls of flowers all axillary ; pedicels glabrous ; calyx cam- panulate, glabrous below, its teeth subulate, ciliate, one-half as long as the tube; corolla glabrous. In waste places and along streams, Nova Scotia to northern New York, Iowa, North Carolina and Ten- nessee. Naturalized from Europe. Aug.-Oct. 37. COLLINSONIA L. Sp. PL 28. 1753- Tall perennial aromatic herbs, with large membranous petioled leaves, and terminal loosely panicled racemes of small, yellowish, mostly opposite flowers. Calyx campanulate, short, io-nerved,2-lipped, declined in fruit, usually pubescent in the throat ; upper lip 3-toothed; lower 2-cleft. Corolla much longer than the calyx, obliquely campanulate, 5-lobed, 4 of the lobes nearly equal, the 5th pendent or declined, fimbriate or lacerate, much larger, appearing like a lower lip. Anther-bearing stamens 2, not declined, much exserted, coiled before antithesis; bases of the filaments connected by a woolly ring; anthers 2-celled, or the sacs at length partially confluent. Ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets smooth, globose. [Named for Peter Collinson, 1693-1768, an English botanist, and correspondent of Linnaeus.] Three species, natives of eastern North America, the following typical. i. Collinsonia canadensis L. Horse- or Ox-balm. Fig. 3692. Citronella. Rich-weed. Collinsonia canadensis L. Sp. PI. 28. 1753. Stem stout, erect or ascending, branch- ed, 2-5 high, glabrous, or glandular- pubescent above. Leaves ovate or ovate- oblong, acuminate at the apex, narrowed, obtuse or sometimes cordate at the base, the lower slender-petioled, 6'-io' long, the upper nearly sessile, much smaller, all coarsely dentate ; racemes numerous, in terminal panicles sometimes i long; pedi- cels ascending, 3"-6" long in fruit, subu- late-bracteolate at the base ; flowers lemon- scented ; calyx-teeth subulate, those of the lower lip much longer than the upper; corolla light yellow, s"-7" long; anther- bearing stamens 2, the upper pair rudi- mentary ; fruiting calyx ribbed, 3" -4" long. In moist woods, Quebec and Ontario to Wisconsin, south to Florida, Alabama and Arkansas. Root large, thick, woody. Knob- or horse-weed. Knob-grass or -root. Collin- son's-flower. Rich leaf. Stone-root. July-Oct. 38. PERIL-LA Ard.; L. Gen. PI. Ed. 6, Add. 578. 1764. Annual herbs, with petioled purple or discolored leaves, and small flowers in loose bracted racemes. Calyx campanulate, lo-nerved, S-cleft, nearly regular in flower, enlarging, declined and becoming 2-lipped in fruit, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, the throat not bearded. Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, the throat obliquely campanulate, the limb 5-cleft, the lower lobe slightly the larger. Stamens 4, nearly equal, or the posterior 154 LABIATAE. VOL. III. pair shorter, erect, divergent ; anthers 2-celled. Style deeply 2-cleft; ovary 4-parted. Nutlets globose, reticulated. [The native name in India.] One or 2 species, natives of Asia, the following typical. i. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. Perilla. Beef-steak Plant. Fig. 3693. Ocimmn frutescens L. Sp. PI. 597. 1753. Perilla ocinwides L. Gen. Ed. 6, Add. 578. 1764. P. frutescens Britton, Mem. Torr. Cl. 5 : 277. 1894. Purple or purple-green, sparingly pubes- cent; stem stout, erect, much branched, l-3 high, leafy. Leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, coarsely dentate or incised, 3'-6' long and nearly as wide; racemes terminal and axillary, many-flowered, 3'-6' long; pedi- cels spreading, If "-3" long in fruit; calyx minute in flower, much enlarged, gibbous at the base and densely pilose-pubescent in fruit; corolla purple or white, ii" long, with a woolly ring within. In waste places, escaped from gardens, Con- necticut to Florida, Illinois, Missouri and Texas. Native of India. July-Oct. 39. ELSHOLTZIA Willd. in Roem. & Ust. Mag. Bot. 11:3. 1790. Herbs, with thin mostly petioled leaves, and small or minute clustered flowers, in ter- minal bracted spikes. Calyx campanulate or ovoid, 10-nerved, scarcely oblique, enlarging in fruit, not bearded in the throat, 5-toothed, the teeth nearly equal. Corolla-tube little longer than the calyx, straight, or a little curved, the limb oblique, or slightly 2-lipped, 4-lobed ; upper lobe erect, concave, emarginate, the 3 others spreading. Stamens 4, divergent, didynamous, ascending, exserted, the upper pair shorter; anthers 2-celled, or the sacs more or less confluent. Style 2-cleft at the summit. Ovary 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid or oblong, tuberculate, or nearly smooth. [Named in honor of J. S. Elsholtz, a Prussian botanist.] About 20 species, natives of Asia. Type species : Elsholtzia cristata Willd. i. Elsholtzia Patrinii (Lepech.) Garcke. Elsholtzia. Fig. 3694. Mentha Patrinii Lepech. Nov. Act. Petrop. 13 : 336. 1802. E. cristata Willd. in Roem. & Ust. Mag. Bot. 11:3. 1790. Elsholtzia Patrinii Garcke, Garcke, Fl. Dcutsch. Ed. 4, 257. 1858. Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stems weak, erect or ascending, at length widely branched, i-2 high. Leaves long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, crenate- dentate, i'-3' long; spikes terminal, very dense, i'-3' high, about thick; flowers several in the axils of each of the broadly ovate membranous green reticu- lated mucronate bracts ; calyx hirsute, shorter than the bract; corolla i" long, pale purple. Notre Dame du Lac, Temiscouata Co., Quebec. Natu- ralized from Asia. July- Aug. Family 27. SOLANACEAE Pers. Syn. i : 214. 1805. POTATO FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical species trees, with alternate or rarely opposite, exstipulate entire dentate lobed or dissected leaves, and perfect regular or nearly regular cymose flowers. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous, mostly 5-lobed. Corolla gamopetalous, rotate, campanulate, funnelform, salverform or tubular, mostly 5-lobed, the lobes induplicate-valvate or plicate in the bud. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted on the tube, all equal and perfect in the following genera, except in Petunia, where 5 are didy- namous and the fifth smaller or obsolete; anthers 2-celled, apically or longitudinally GENUS I. POTATO FAMILY. '55 dehiscent. Disk present, or none. Ovary entire, superior, 2-celled (rarely 3-5- celled) ; ovules numerous on the axile placentae, anatropous or amphitropous ; style slender, simple ; stigma terminal ; fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds numerous, the testa sometimes roughened; embryo terete, spiral, curved, or nearly straight; endosperm fleshy ; cotyledons semiterete. About 75 genera and 1750 species, widely distributed, most abundant in tropical regions. * Fruit a pulpy berry; corolla plicate, its lobes generally induplicate. Anthers unconnected, destitute of terminal pores, dehiscent. Fruiting calyx bladdery-inflated. Fruiting calyx s-angled and deeply s-parted ; ovary 3-s-celled. i. Physalodes. Fruiting calyx s-lobed, not parted, lo-ribbed, often s-io-angled, reticulated, wholly enclosing the berry ; ovary 2-celled. Corolla open-campanulate, yellowish or whitish, often with a dark center; seeds with a thin margin, finely pitted. 2. Physalis. Corolla flat-rotate, violet or purple; seeds thick, rugose-tuberculate. 3. Quincula. Fruiting calyx somewhat enlarged, but closely fitted to the fruit, thin, obscurely veiny, open at the mouth. Corolla rotate, whitish ; lobes of fruiting calyx much exceeding the berry. 4. Leucophysalis. Corolla rotate, whitish, sometimes tinged with purple ; fruiting calyx not exceeding the berry. 5. Chamaesaracha. Anthers connivent or slightly connate; fruiting calyx not enlarged. Anthers short or oblong, opening by a terminal pore or short slit in our species. 6. Solanum. Anthers long, tapering from base to summit, longitudinally dehiscent. 7. Lycopersicon. ** Fruit a nearly dry berry; corolla campanulate, little or not at all plicate, its lobes imbricated. 8. Lyciuin. *** Fruit a capsule; corolla funnelform. Capsule circumscissile toward the top, which separates as a lid ; corolla irregular. 9. Hyoscyamus. Capsule opening by valves. Capsule generally prickly. 10. Datura. Capsule not prickly. Flowers paniculate or racemose; stamens nearly uniform in length. n. Nicotiana. Flowers solitary; stamens very unequal. 12. Petunia. i. PHYSALODES Boehm. in Ludwig, Def. 41. 1760. [NICANDRA Adans. Fam. PI. 2 : 219. 1763.] An annual erect branching glabrous herb, with alternate petioled thin sinuate-dentate or lobed leaves, and large light blue peduncled nodding flowers, solitary in the axils. Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, much inflated in fruit, its segments ovate, connivent, cordate or sagittate at the base, strongly reticulated. Corolla broadly campanulate, plicate in the bud, slightly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the corolla near its base; filaments filiform, dilated and pilose below; anthers oblong, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 3~5-celled; style slender; stigma 3-5-lobed. Berry globose, nearly dry, enclosed in the calyx. [Greek, Physalis- like.] A monotypic Peruvian genus. 1. Physalodes physalodes (L.) Britton. Apple-of-Peru. Fig. 3695. Atropa physalodes L. Sp. PI. 181. 1753. Physalodes peruvianum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 452. 1891. P. physalodes Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5 : 287. 1894. Stem angled, 2-5 high. Leaves ovate or oblong, acuminate but blunt-pointed, narrowed at the base, 3'-8' long, i'-4' wide; petioles longer than the peduncles; flowers i'-ij' long and broad ; corolla-limb almost entire ; fruiting calyx i'-ii' long and thick, its segments acute at the apex, their basal auricles acute or cuspidate; berry about *' in diameter, loosely surrounded by the calyx. In waste places, escaped from gardens, Nova Sco- tia to Ontario, Florida, Tennessee and Missouri. Adventive from Peru. Plant with the aspect of a large Physalis. Leaves similar to those of Stramo- nium. July-Sept. 2. PHYSALIS L. Sp. PI. 182. 1753* Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes a little woody below, with entire or sinuately toothed leaves. Peduncles slender, in ours solitary from the axils of the leaves. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, in fruit enlarged and bladdery-inflated, membranous, 5-angled, or prominently lo-ribbed and reticulate, wholly inclosing the pulpy berry, its teeth mostly * Text contributed to our first edition by Dr. P. A. RYDBERG, here somewhat revised. i 5 6 SOLANACEAE. VOL. III. connivent. Corolla yellowish or whitish, often with a darker brownish or purplish center, open-campanulate, or rarely campanulate-rotate, plicate. Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla; anthers oblong, opening by a longitudinal slit. Style slender, somewhat bent; stigma minutely 2-cleft. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, flattened, with a thin edge, finely pitted. [Greek, bladder, referring to the inflated calyx.] Probably 75 species, or more. Two are of European origin, and about half a dozen are natives of India and Australia, the rest are American; about 30 occur in the United States. Type species : Physalis Alkekengi L. * Annuals with branched fibrous roots. t Plants more or less pubescent (except in races of P. barbadensis.) Fruiting calyx sharply s-angled, more or less acuminate at the summit and sunken at the base ; calyx-lobes (at flowering time) lanceolate or acuminate, as long as the tube or longer. Leaves ovate, oblique, acute or acuminate, subentire at the base ; upper part repand or .suben- tire ; fruiting calyx small and short ; stem slender, diffuse, sharply angled. i. P. pubescens. Leaver cordate, oblique, strongly sinuate to the base ; stem stout, obtusely angled ; fruiting calyx rounded. 2. P. pruinosa. Leaves cordate, scarcely oblique, more or less abruptly acuminate, acutely repand-dentate ; stem tall, acutely angled ; fruiting calyx larger, long-acuminate. 3. P. barbadensis. Fruiting calyx obtusely or indistinctly 5-io-angled; calyx-lobes (at flowering time) triangular, generally shorter than the tube. 4. P. missouriensis. ft Plants glabrous, or the upper part sparingly beset with short hairs, or a little puberulent when young; fruiting calyx obtusely s-io-angled, not sunken at the base. Corolla yellow, sometimes with the center a little darker but never brown or purple. Peduncles generally much longer than the fruiting calyx ; leaves sinuately toothed or subentire. 5. P. pendula. Peduncles scarcely exceeding the fruiting calyx ; leaves sharply dentate. 6. P. angulata. Corolla yellow, with a brown or purple center. 7. P. ixocarpa. ** Perennial by thick roots and rootstocks. t Pubescence not stellate (although in P. pumila of branched hairs). Pubescence on the leaves none, on the upper part of the stem and the calyx sparse and short, if any. Fruiting calyx ovoid, nearly filled by the berry, scarcely sunken at the base. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate, usually thin. 8. P. subglabrata. Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear. 9. P. longifolia. Fruiting calyx pyramidal, very much inflated and deeply sunken at the base ; leaves broadly ovatu, usually coarsely dentate. 10. P. macrophysa. Pubescence sparse, consisting of flat, sometimes jointed, and in P. pumila branched hairs; in P. virginiana sometimes a little viscid. Fruiting calyx ovoid, scarcely angled and scarcely sunken at the base ; leaves thick, obovate or spatulate to rhomboid, subentire. Leaves obovate or spatulate; hairs all simple. n. P.lanceolata. Leaves broader, often rhomboid ; hairs on the lower surface branched. 12. P. pumila. Fruiting calyx pyramidal, more or less s-angled and deeply sunken at the base ; leaves ovate to lanceolate, generally more or less dentate. 13- P- virginiana. Pubescence dense, short, more or less viscid or glandular, often mixed with long flat jointed hairs. Leaves large; blade generally over 2' long and more or less cordate. 14. P. heterophylla. Leaves less than 2' long, rounded ovate or rhombic, scarcely at all cordate at the base ; calyx, peduncles and younger branches with long white flat and jointed hairs. 15. P. comata. Leaves small, i'-i^' in diameter, nearly orbicular, sometimes a little cordate at the base, not coarsely toothed; stem diffuse or prostrate. 16. P.rotundata. tt Pubescence dense, cinereous, beautifully stellate. 17. P.viscosa. i. Physalis pubescens L. Low Hairy Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3696. Physalis pubescens L. Sp. PI. 183. 1753. Annual; stem generally diffuse or spreading, much branched, angled, often a little swollen at the nodes, villous-pubescent or sometimes nearly glabrous ; leaves thin, I'-ai' long, ovate, acute or acuminate, at the base oblique, slightly cor- date and generally entire, upward repand-den- ticulate or entire, pubescent, sometimes becoming nearly glabrous except along the veins ; peduncles short, i "-2" long, or in fruit about 5"; calyx- lobes narrow but not with a subulate tip; corolla 3"-S" in diameter, yellow with dark centre; an- thers usually purplish ; fruiting calyx membra- nous, io"-is" long, pyramidal, ovoid-acuminate, more or less retuse at the base. In sandy soil, Pennsylvania to Florida, Arkansas and California ; also in Mexico, the West Indies, Central and South America and India. Called also dwarf cape-gooseberry and strawberry-tomato. July- Sept. GENUS 2. POTATO FAMILY. 2. Physalis prumosa L. Tall Hairy Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3697. Physalis pruinosa L. Sp. PI. 184. 1753. P. pubescens Dunal, in DC. Prodr. 13: part i, 446. 1852. Annual; stem stout, generally erect, and more hairy than the preceding and the two following species ; stem obtusely angled, finely villous or somewhat viscid; leaves firm, ii'-4' long, finely pubescent, ovate, cordate, generally very oblique at the base, and deeply sinuately toothed with broad and often obtuse teeth ; peduncles i"-2" long, in fruit about 5"; calyx villous or viscid ; lobes as long as the tube, narrow but not subulate-tipped; corolla 2" -4" in diameter; anthers yellow, or tinged with purple; fruiting calyx a little firmer and more pubescent than in the preceding, reticulate, lo"-is" long, ovoid, sunken at the base; berry yellow or green. In cultivated soil, Massachusetts to Ontario, Florida, Iowa, Missouri and Colorado. July-Sept. 3. Physalis barbadensis Jacq. Barbadoes Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3698. Physalis barbadensis Jacq. Misc. 2: 359. 1781. Physalis obscura Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 149. 1803. Physalis barbadensis obscura Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club 4: 327. 1896. Annual; stem tall and erect or widely spreading, acutely 3-4-angled, pubescent, viscid, or nearly gla- brous; leaves ii'-2i' long, ovate or heart-shaped, acute, or abruptly acuminate, sharply repand-dentate, pubes- cent with short hairs; peduncles short, ii"-2" long, but in fruit sometimes 10", calyx generally densely viscid- hirsute, lobes lanceolate, acuminate, but not subulate- tipped ; corolla 24"-5" in diameter ; anthers generally purplish ; fruiting calyx longer than in the two pre- ceding species, i'-ii' long, acuminate and reticulate, retuse at the base. Sandy soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Missouri, Florida, Mexico, the West Indies and South America. July-Sept. 4. Physalis missouriensis Mack. & Bush. Missouri Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3699. Physalis missouriensis Mack. & Bush, Fl. Jackson Co. 167. 1902. Annual ; stem spreading, often zigzag, branched, striate, _r slightly angled, villous with short hairs. Leaves $'-34' long, ovate, oblique and cuneate, obtuse, or cordate at the base, acute but not acu- minate, repand or sinuately dentate, hairy, at least on the veins ; peduncles i"-24" long, erect, in fruit 2i"-5". reflexed, shorter than the fruiting calyx; calyx villous, lobes shorter than the tube, triangu- lar; corolla i4"-4" in diameter, yellow; fruiting calyx 7"-io" long, round-ovoid, nearly filled by the berry, scarcely sunken or commonly rounded at the base. Missouri and Kansas to Arkansas and Oklahoma. July-Sept. Referred in our first edition to the tropical P. Lagdscae R. & S. i 5 8 SOLANACEAE. VOL. III. 5. Physalis pendula Rydberg. Lance-leaved Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3700. Physalis pendula Rydberg ; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 983. 1903. Annual, stem erect, generally i| high, branched, angled, glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- late, thin, usually coarsely toothed ; calyx cylindric- campanulate, its lobes broadly triangular, shorter than the tube; peduncles filiform, about i' long, erect with nodding flower, in fruit li'-2' long and re- flexed ; corolla 3 "-4" in diameter, campanulate, yel- low, without a dark spot ; anthers yellow, more or less tinged with purple, fruiting calyx about 10" long, rounded ovoid, indistinctly 10-angled and purple veined, nearly filled by the berry. Illinois to Kansas and Texas. July-Sept. Referred in the first edition to P. lanceifolia Nees. 6. Physalis angulata L. Cut-leaved Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3/01. Physalis angulata L. Sp. PI. 183. 1753. Annual, erect, ii-3 high, glabrous; stem angular, usually much branched ; leaves ovate, with more or less cuneate base, somewhat sinuately toothed with long-acuminate teeth ; blades 2'-2j' long, on slender petioles i'-2' long, thin, the veins not prominent ; peduncles slender, io"-is" long, erect, in fruit often reflexed but seldom exceed- ing the fruiting calyx in length ; calyx smooth, lobes triangular to lanceolate, generally shorter than the tube; corolla 2\"-^" in diameter; anthers more or less purplish tinged; fruiting calyx about \\' long, ovoid, 5-io-angled, sometimes purple- veined, nearly filled by the yellow berry. In rich soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Texas, Central America, Brazil and the West Indies. Also in India. July-Sept. 7. Physalis ixocarpa Brot. Tomatillo. Mexican Ground-Cherry. Strawberry Tomato. Fig. 3702. Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ; Horneman, Hort. Hafn. Suppl. 26. 1819. P. aequata Jacq. f . ; Nees, Linnaea 6: 470. 1831. Annual, stem at first erect, later widely spread- ing, much branched, angled, glabrous, or the younger parts sparingly hairy; leaves from cor- date to ovate, with a cuneate base which is some- what oblique, sinuately dentate or entire, i'-2i' long; peduncles short, i"-2l" long; calyx sparingly hairy, its lobes short, broadly triangular, shorter than the tube ; corolla bright yellow with purple throat, s"~7" (sometimes nearly 10") in diameter; fruiting calyx round-ovoid, obscurely lo-angled, often purple-veined, filled by the purple berry, which sometimes bursts it. Native of Mexico. It is often cultivated for its fruit and frequently escapes from cultivation, New York to Texas and California. GENUS 2. POTATO FAMILY. '59 8. Physalis subglabrata Mackenzie and Bush. Smooth Ground-Cherry. Fig- 3/03- ? Physalis philadelphica Lam. Encycl. 2: 101. 1786. P. subglabrata Mackenzie & Bush, Trans. Acad. St. Louis 12: 86. 1902. Perennial from a deep rootstock, tall, erect, 2i-5 high ; stem angled, dichotomously branched, gla- brous, or sometimes slightly pubescent with sparse and short hairs on the upper parts; blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, often very oblique at the base and more or less acuminate, entire or repand-denticulate, 2^-4' long, on petioles ii'-2i' long, often in pairs; peduncles slender, 5"-io" long, generally longer than the flower; calyx glabrous, or minutely ciliolate, lobes ovate-lanceolate or trangular, sometmes broadly ovate and unequal, generally equalling the tube ; corolla yellow or greenish yellow with purplish throat, |'-i' in diameter; anthers tinged with pur- ple; fruiting calyx at first somewhat lo-angled and sunken at the base, at last often filled with or burst by the large red or purple berry. Ontario and Rhode Island to Georgia, Minnesota, Kentucky and Colorado. July-Sept. 9. Physalis longifolia Nutt Long-leaved Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3704. Physalis longifolia Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 193- 1833-37. Physalis lanceolata var. laevigata A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 68. 1874. Perennial from a thick rootstock ; stem in the com- mon form stout and tall, i^-3 high, slightly angled, branched above, the branches strict, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear, tapering into a short stout petiole 5"-io" long, subentire or repand; peduncles s"-io" long, in fruit often re- curved ; calyx generally glabrous, its lobes triangular- lanceolate, about the length of the tube; corolla 6"- 10" in diameter, yellow with a dark, commonly brownish center; anthers yellow, tinged with purple; fruiting calyx ovoid, about li' long, not sunken at the base ; berry yellow, the lower portion and the stipe glutinous. In rich soil, Iowa to South Dakota, Montana, Arkan- sas, Utah and Mexico. July-Sept. 10. Physalis macrophysa Rydb. Large- bladder Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3705. P. macrophysa Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club 22: 308. 1895. Perennial ; rootstock rather thick and fleshy ; stem erect, ii-3 high, comparatively slender, angled, perfectly glabrous, or the upper parts sparingly pu- bescent with very short hairs. Leaves large, thin, ii'-3$' long, i '-2' wide, the lower obtuse, the upper acute or acuminate; petioles slender, io"-2o" long; peduncles s"-8" long, erect, in fruit reflexed ; calyx smooth, its lobes ovate-triangular or broadly lanceo- late, generally a little shorter than the tube; corolla yellow with a dark center, about 10" in diameter ; anthers generally yellow, sometimes tinged with pur- ple; fruiting calyx large, ij'-ii' long, i'-ii' in diam- eter, pyramidal to ovoid-conic, indistinctly lo-angled, deeply sunken at the base; berry small, in the center of the calyx. In rich soil, Kansas and Arkansas to Texas. May July. Rare. i6o SOLANACEAE. VOL. III. ii. Physalis lanceolata Michx. Prairie Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3706. Physalis lanceolata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i : 149. 1803. Physalis Pennsylvania var. lanceolata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 382. 1867. Perennial; rootstock apparently slender and creep- ing; stem about i% high, first erect, later spreading or diffuse, only slightly angled, sparingly hirsute with flat hairs. Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate or spatu- late, tapering into the petiole, acute or obtuse, nearly always entire, rarely wavy, but never sinuately tooth- ed, thickish, sparingly hairy with short hairs; pe- duncles s"-io" long, in fruit reflexed; calyx strigose or villous, rarely glabrous, its lobes triangular-lan- ceolate ; corolla dullish yellow with a brownish cen- ter, about 8" in diameter; fruiting calyx round- ovoid, not sunken at the base, indistinctly lo-angled; berry yellow or greenish yellow. On dry prairies, South Carolina to Illinois, South Da- kota, Wyoming, Kansas and New Mexico. July-Sept. 12. Physalis pumila Nutt. Low Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3707. Physalis pumila Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 193- 1834- Physalis lanceolata var. hirta A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10 : 68. 1874. Perennial from a slender rootstock, ii-3 high; stem hirsute, obscurely angled. Leaves thick, broadly ovate to oblong, acute at both ends and somewhat rhomboid, the lower often obtuse and obovate, gen- erally much larger than in the preceding ; blades 2 r ~4' long, entire or seldom sinuate, on petioles io"-i5" long, strigose with many-branched hairs especially on the lower surface; peduncles s"-io" long, in fruit reflexed and ii'-2' long; calyx densely hirsute, not stellate-pubescent, its lobes tri- angular, generally a little shorter than the tube; corolla yellow with brown center, 8"-io" in diam- eter; fruiting calyx usually more elongated than in the preceding, \\'-2' long, oblong-ovoid, a little sunken at the base, indistinctly lo-angled. Plains and prairies, Illinois to Colorado and Texas. July-Sept. 13. Physalis virginiana Mill. Virginia Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3708. Physalis virginiana Mill. Card. Diet. Ed. 8, no. 4. 1768. Physalis pennsylvanica A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 382. 1867. Not L. 1753. Physalis virginiana intermedia Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club 4: 345. 1896. Perennial; rootstock thick and somewhat fleshy; stem i$-3 high, erect, dichotomously branched, somewhat angular, more or less strigose-hairy with flat hairs, sometimes a little glandular, or sometimes nearly glabrous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, \\'-2\ r long, generally more or less sin- uately dentate, often yellowish green ; peduncles 5"-io" long, generally erect, in fruit curved but scarcely re- flexed ; calyx strigose, hirsute, or at least puberulent, its lobes triangular or broadly lanceolate, nearly equal- ling the tube ; corolla sulphur-yellow with purplish spots, '-:' in diameter; anthers yellow; fruiting calyx pyramidal-ovoid, 5-angled, sunken at the base; berry reddish. Rich soil, especially in open places, Ontario to Manitoba. Connecticut, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Consists of numerous races, differing in pubescence. July-Sept. Wild cherry. GENUS 2. POTATO FAMILY. 161 14. Physalis heterophylla Nees. Clammy Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3709. Physalis viscosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 157. 1814. Not L- 1753- Physalis heterophylla Nees, Linnaea 6: 463. 1831. Physalis virginiana A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : Part i, 235. 1878. Not Mill. 1768. Perennial from a slender creeping rootstock, ii-3 tall, at first erect, later generally decumbent and spreading, viscid and glandular, and villous with long spreading jointed flat hairs; leaves large, blade generally over 2' long, usually broadly cordate, often acute and very rarely with an elongated tip, thick, more or less sinuately toothed, or sometimes suben- tire; calyx long-villous, lobes triangular, generally shorter than the tube; corolla 8"-io" in diameter, greenish yellow with a brownish or purplish center; anthers mostly yellow; berry yellow. In rich soil, especially where the surface has been disturbed, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Florida, Colorado and Texas. The most common of our species, and includes several races. Physalis peruviana L., a native of South America, is cultivated for its fruit and often escapes. It resembles P. heterophylla, but differs in the leaves, which have a long tip, and in the pubes- cence, which is shorter, denser, and not at all viscid. Cape-gooseberry. Strawberry-tomato. Peruvian ground-cherry. Husk-tomato. 15. Physalis comata Rydberg. Hillside Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3710. P. comata Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club 22: 306. 1895. Perennial, erect, about ii high; pubescence fine and short, that on the calyx, peduncles and upper branches mixed with long white flat jointed hairs. Like P. heterophylla Nees (P. virginiana Gray, not Mill.), but leaves smaller, blade not over 2' long, round-ovate, scarcely at all cordate at the base, about 2' long, thin, somewhat repand-dentate, or nearly entire ; petioles as long as the leaves ; peduncles as long as the fruiting calyx, or longer; corolla green- ish yellow, with brown center, 6"-io" in diameter ; fruiting calyx of thin texture, round-ovoid, some- what lo-angled, scarcely sunken at the base. Hillsides of Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado and Texas. Rare. 1 6. Physalis rotundata Rydberg. Round- leaved Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3711. Physalis hederaefolia Holzinger, Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. i : 212. 189^. Not Gray. P. rotundata Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club 4: 352. 1896. Diffuse and spreading, zigzag, generally dichoto- mously much branched, from a perennial rootstock, densely and finely viscid-pubescent, usually more glandular than the preceding. Leaves nearly orbicu- lar with more or less cordate base, i'-iS' in diam- eter, with small teeth; petioles short, more or less winged; peduncles short, in fruit scarcely more than half the length of the calyx; corolla 8" in diameter, greenish yellow with a brownish center; fruiting calyx ovoid, slightly angled, scarcely sunken at the base. Dry plains, South Dakota to Texas and New Mexico. July-Sept. SOLANACEAE. VOL. III. 17. Physalis viscosa L. Stellate Ground- Cherry. Yellow-henbane. Fig. 3712. Physalis viscosa L. Sp. PI. 183. 1753. Physalis pennsylvanica L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1670. 1763. Perennial from a slender creeping rootstock; stems slender, creeping, with a dense ashy stellate pubes- cence, or in age rarely glabrate. Leaves elliptic, oval or ovate, obtuse, thinish, entire or undulate, in the typical South American race often cordate at the base, but rarely so in our plant; peduncles i'-i' long; calyx stellate-pubescent, its lobes triangular, generally shorter than the tube ; corolla greenish yellow with a darker center, 8"-io" in diameter ; fruiting calyx io"-is" long, round-ovoid, scarcely sunken at the base; berry orange or yellow. On sea beaches, or in sand near the coast, Virginia and North Carolina to Florida. Eastern South America. Physalis Alkekengi L., Strawberry tomato or Winter cherry, is a native of Europe and Asia, often cultivated for its fruit and sometimes escapes from cultivation. The flowers are whitish, the limb distinctly 5-lobed ; leaves broadly deltoid, acute at both ends, repand or angulately toothed. 3. QUINCULA Raf. Atl. Journ. 145. 1832. A low and diffuse somewhat scurfy herb, with a stout perennial root. Leaves from sinuate to pinnatifid, somewhat fleshy. Peduncles most commonly in pairs from the axils of the leaves, sometimes solitary, or in fascicles of 3-5. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, in fruit inflated, sharply 5-angular and reticulate, enclosing the fruit, the lobes connivent. Corolla flat-rotate, pentagonal in outline, veiny, violet or purplish. Anthers opening by a longi- tudinal slit. Seeds comparatively few, kidney-shaped, somewhat flattened, with thick margins, rugose-tuberculate. [Name unexplained.] A monotypic genus of central North America. i. Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf. Purple- flowered Ground-Cherry. Fig. 3713. Physalis lobata Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 226. 1827. Quincula lobata Raf. Atl. Journ. 145. 1832. Perennial, low, spreading or prostrate, more or less scurfy-puberulent ; stem obtusely angled and striate, much branched. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate to oblong, sinuately toothed, or pinnatifid with rounded lobes, or rarely subentire, cuneate at the base, thickish and veiny, tapering into margined petioles ; peduncles i'-2' long, in fruit reflexed ; calyx- lobes triangular, acute, shorter than the tube ; corolla purplish, io"-is" in diameter; anther